{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T06:45:06Z","timestamp":1788245106296,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"American Dental Society of Anesthesiology (ADSA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"abstract":"Sedation may minimize physiologic and behavioral stress responses. In our facility, the infusion rate of propofol is adjusted according to the bispectral index (BIS) in all cases of implant-related surgery; multivariate analysis of retrospective data enabled us to extract independent factors that affect the dose of propofol in sedation that are considered useful indicators for achieving adequate sedation. The study population comprised all patients undergoing implant-related surgery under intravenous sedation in Okayama University Hospital from April 2009 to March 2013. The infusion rate of propofol was adjusted to maintain the BIS value at 70\u201380. The outcome was the average infusion rate of propofol, and potential predictor variables were age, sex, body weight, treatment time, and amount of midazolam. Independent variables that affected the average infusion rate of propofol were extracted with multiple regression analysis. One hundred twenty-five subjects were enrolled. In the multiple regression analysis, female sex was shown to be significantly associated with a higher average infusion rate of propofol. Females may require a higher infusion rate of propofol than males to achieve adequate sedation while undergoing implant-related surgery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2344\/0003-3006-63.2.67","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,6]],"date-time":"2016-06-06T22:05:52Z","timestamp":1465250752000},"page":"67-70","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Female Patients Require a Higher Propofol Infusion Rate for Sedation"],"prefix":"10.2344","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Shigeru","family":"Maeda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yumiko","family":"Tomoyasu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Anesthesiology and Special Care Dentistry, Okayama University, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hitoshi","family":"Higuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuka","family":"Honda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minako","family":"Ishii-Maruhama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takuya","family":"Miyawaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Anesthesiology and Special Care Dentistry, Okayama University, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1191","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3006-63-2-67-b01","series-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants","first-page":"1303","article-title":"Intravenous sedation and hemodynamic changes during dental implant surgery","volume":"26","author":"Taguchi \n T,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Taguchi \n T, \n \n \n Fukuda \n K, \n \n \n Sekine \n H, \n \n et al. \n Intravenous sedation and hemodynamic changes during dental implant surgery. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2011;26:1303\u20131308."},{"key":"i0003-3006-63-2-67-b02","series-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants","first-page":"1520","article-title":"Effects of implant surgery on blood pressure and heart rate during sedation with propofol and midazolam","volume":"27","author":"Ueno \n D,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ueno \n D, \n \n \n Sato \n J, \n \n \n Nejima \n J, \n \n et al. \n Effects of implant surgery on blood pressure and heart rate during sedation with propofol and midazolam. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2012;27:1520\u20131526."},{"key":"i0003-3006-63-2-67-b03","series-title":"Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal","first-page":"e541","article-title":"Hemodynamic and ventilatory changes during implant surgery with intravenous conscious sedation","volume":"16","author":"Gonzalez-Lemonnier \n S,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Lemonnier \n S, \n \n \n Bovaira-Forner \n M, \n \n \n Penarrocha-Diago \n D, \n \n et al. \n Hemodynamic and ventilatory changes during implant surgery with intravenous conscious sedation. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2011;16:e541\u2013e545."},{"key":"i0003-3006-63-2-67-b04","series-title":"Am J Gastroenterol","first-page":"1119","article-title":"Remifentanil vs. meperidine for patient-controlled analgesia during colonoscopy: a randomized double-blind trial","volume":"104","author":"Fanti \n L,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fanti \n L, \n \n \n Agostoni \n M, \n \n \n Gemma \n M, \n \n et al. \n Remifentanil vs. meperidine for patient-controlled analgesia during colonoscopy: a randomized double-blind trial. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104:1119\u20131124."},{"key":"i0003-3006-63-2-67-b05","series-title":"Br J Anaesth","first-page":"430","article-title":"Analgesic and sedative effects of intranasal dexmedetomidine in third molar surgery under local anaesthesia","volume":"107","author":"Cheung \n CW,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cheung \n CW, \n \n \n Ng \n KF, \n \n \n Liu \n J, \n \n et al. \n Analgesic and sedative effects of intranasal dexmedetomidine in third molar surgery under local anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth. 2011;107:430\u2013437."},{"key":"i0003-3006-63-2-67-b06","series-title":"Endoscopy","first-page":"584","article-title":"Propofol sedation with bispectral index monitoring is useful for endoscopic submucosal dissection: a randomized prospective phase II clinical trial","volume":"44","author":"Sasaki \n T,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sasaki \n T, \n \n \n Tanabe \n S, \n \n \n Azuma \n M, \n \n et al. \n Propofol sedation with bispectral index monitoring is useful for endoscopic submucosal dissection: a randomized prospective phase II clinical trial. Endoscopy. 2012;44:584\u2013589."},{"key":"i0003-3006-63-2-67-b07","series-title":"Endoscopy","first-page":"258","article-title":"Bispectral index monitoring of midazolam and propofol sedation during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: a randomized clinical trial (the EndoBIS study)","volume":"44","author":"von Delius \n S,","year":"2012","unstructured":"von Delius \n S, \n \n \n Salletmaier \n H, \n \n \n Meining \n A, \n \n et al. \n Bispectral index monitoring of midazolam and propofol sedation during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: a randomized clinical trial (the EndoBIS study). Endoscopy. 2012;44:258\u2013264."},{"key":"i0003-3006-63-2-67-b08","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e27769","article-title":"Feasibility of bispectral index-guided propofol infusion for flexible bronchoscopy sedation: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"6","author":"Lo \n YL,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lo \n YL, \n \n \n Lin \n TY, \n \n \n Fang \n YF, \n \n et al. \n Feasibility of bispectral index-guided propofol infusion for flexible bronchoscopy sedation: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2011;6:e27769."},{"key":"i0003-3006-63-2-67-b09","series-title":"J Clin Anesth","first-page":"636","article-title":"Dental sedation for patients with intellectual disability: a prospective study of manual control versus bispectral index-guided target-controlled infusion of propofol","volume":"23","author":"Sakaguchi \n M,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sakaguchi \n M, \n \n \n Higuchi \n H, \n \n \n Maeda \n S, \n \n et al. \n Dental sedation for patients with intellectual disability: a prospective study of manual control versus bispectral index-guided target-controlled infusion of propofol. J Clin Anesth. 2011;23:636\u2013642."},{"key":"i0003-3006-63-2-67-b10","series-title":"Anesth Analg","first-page":"S10","article-title":"The initial clinical experience of 1819 physicians in maintaining anesthesia with propofol: characteristics associated with prolonged time to awakening","volume":"77","author":"Apfelbaum \n JL,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Apfelbaum \n JL, \n \n \n Grasela \n TH, \n \n \n Hug \n CC\n Jr, \n \n et al. \n The initial clinical experience of 1819 physicians in maintaining anesthesia with propofol: characteristics associated with prolonged time to awakening. Anesth Analg. 1993;77:S10\u2013S14."},{"key":"i0003-3006-63-2-67-b11","series-title":"Anesthesiology","first-page":"1283","article-title":"Women emerge from general anesthesia with propofol\/alfentanil\/nitrous oxide faster than men","volume":"90","author":"Gan \n TJ,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gan \n TJ, \n \n \n Glass \n PS, \n \n \n Sigl \n J, \n \n et al. \n Women emerge from general anesthesia with propofol\/alfentanil\/nitrous oxide faster than men. Anesthesiology. 1999;90:1283\u20131287."},{"key":"i0003-3006-63-2-67-b12","series-title":"Anesthesiology","first-page":"1401","article-title":"Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of propofol in a medium-chain triglyceride emulsion","volume":"97","author":"Ward \n DS,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ward \n DS, \n \n \n Norton \n JR, \n \n \n Guivarc'h \n PH, \n \n et al. \n Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of propofol in a medium-chain triglyceride emulsion. Anesthesiology. 2002;97:1401\u20131408."},{"key":"i0003-3006-63-2-67-b13","series-title":"Br J Anaesth","first-page":"183","article-title":"Gender differences in the pharmacokinetics of propofol in elderly patients during and after continuous infusion","volume":"86","author":"Vuyk \n J,","year":"2001","unstructured":"Vuyk \n J, \n \n \n Oostwouder \n CJ, \n \n \n Vletter \n AA, \n \n et al. \n Gender differences in the pharmacokinetics of propofol in elderly patients during and after continuous infusion. Br J Anaesth. 2001;86:183\u2013188."},{"key":"i0003-3006-63-2-67-b14","series-title":"J Clin Anesth","first-page":"486","article-title":"Gender differences between predicted and measured propofol C(P50) for loss of consciousness","volume":"18","author":"Kodaka \n M,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kodaka \n M, \n \n \n Suzuki \n T, \n \n \n Maeyama \n A, \n \n et al. \n Gender differences between predicted and measured propofol C(P50) for loss of consciousness. J Clin Anesth. 2006;18:486\u2013489."},{"key":"i0003-3006-63-2-67-b15","series-title":"Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol","first-page":"126","article-title":"Sex difference in formation of propofol metabolites: a replication study","volume":"113","author":"Choong \n E,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Choong \n E, \n \n \n Loryan \n I, \n \n \n Lindqvist \n M, \n \n et al. \n Sex difference in formation of propofol metabolites: a replication study. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2013;113:126\u2013131."},{"key":"i0003-3006-63-2-67-b16","series-title":"Anesthesiology","first-page":"1170","article-title":"The influence of method of administration and covariates on the pharmacokinetics of propofol in adult volunteers","volume":"88","author":"Schnider \n TW,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Schnider \n TW, \n \n \n Minto \n CF, \n \n \n Gambus \n PL, \n \n et al. \n The influence of method of administration and covariates on the pharmacokinetics of propofol in adult volunteers. Anesthesiology. 1998;88:1170\u20131182."},{"key":"i0003-3006-63-2-67-b17","series-title":"Br J Anaesth","first-page":"26","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic models for propofol\u2014defining and illuminating the devil in the detail","volume":"103","author":"Absalom \n AR,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Absalom \n AR, \n \n \n Mani \n V, \n \n \n De Smet \n T, \n \n et al. \n Pharmacokinetic models for propofol\u2014defining and illuminating the devil in the detail. Br J Anaesth. 2009;103:26\u201337."},{"key":"i0003-3006-63-2-67-b18","series-title":"CNS Drugs","first-page":"235","article-title":"Propofol: a review of its use in intensive care sedation of adults","volume":"17","author":"McKeage \n K,","year":"2003","unstructured":"McKeage \n K, \n \n \n Perry \n CM. \n \n \n Propofol: a review of its use in intensive care sedation of adults. CNS Drugs. 2003;17:235\u2013272."},{"key":"i0003-3006-63-2-67-b19","series-title":"Anesthesiology","first-page":"348","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol infusions during general anesthesia","volume":"69","author":"Shafer \n A,","year":"1988","unstructured":"Shafer \n A, \n \n \n Doze \n VA, \n \n \n Shafer \n SL, \n \n et al. \n Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol infusions during general anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 1988;69:348\u2013356."}],"container-title":["Anesthesia Progress"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/anesthesiaprogress.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/anpr\/63\/2\/article-p67.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/anesthesia-progress\/article-pdf\/63\/2\/67\/2100945\/0003-3006-63_2_67.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/anesthesiaprogress.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/anpr\/63\/2\/article-p67.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/anesthesiaprogress.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/anpr\/63\/2\/article-p67.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T12:34:35Z","timestamp":1728304475000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/anesthesiaprogress.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/anpr\/63\/2\/article-p67.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2344\/0003-3006-63.2.67","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-3006","1878-7177"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-3006","type":"print"},{"value":"1878-7177","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016]]}}}