{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T16:55:00Z","timestamp":1775580900324,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Dental Society of Anesthesiology (ADSA)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n        <jats:p>The death of a patient under sedation in New South Wales, Australia, in 2002 has again raised the question of the safety of dental sedation. This study sought answers to 2 questions: Can safe oxygen saturation levels (\u226594%) be consistently maintained by a single operator\/sedationist? Does the additional use of propofol, in subanesthetic doses, increase the risk of exposure to hypoxemia? Three thousand five hundred cases generated between 1996 and 2006 were randomly examined and divided into 2 subcohorts: 1750 patients were sedated with midazolam and fentanyl, and 1750 patients received propofol, in subanesthetic increments, in addition to midazolam and fentanyl. Initial sedation was established using midazolam and fentanyl in both subcohorts. The second subcohort received propofol during times of noxious stimulation. Patient exposure to 2 or more oxygen desaturations below 94% was uncommon. The variables that were significantly associated with low saturations were age, gender, and weight. Neither the dose of midazolam nor the additional use of propofol was a significant risk factor. ASA classification (I or II) was not a determinant of risk. The data, within the limitations of the study, showed that a single operator\/sedationist, supported by a well-trained team of nurses, can consistently maintain safe oxygen saturation levels. The additional use of propofol did not increase exposure to hypoxemia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2344\/09-00001.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,1]],"date-time":"2011-09-01T21:24:14Z","timestamp":1314912254000},"page":"113-120","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Analysis of Oxygen Saturations Recorded During Dental Intravenous Sedations: A Retrospective Quality Assurance of 3500 Cases"],"prefix":"10.2344","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Andre","family":"Viljoen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental surgeon, restricted private practice, Garran, Australian Capital Territory, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Byth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistician, Westmead Millenium Institute, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Malcolm","family":"Coombs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Head, Department of Oral Surgery, Sydney Dental Hospital, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Greg","family":"Mahoney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Senior Lecturer, Centre of Military and Veterans' Health, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Douglas","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Program Director, Graduate Diploma in Clinical Dentistry (Conscious Sedation and Pain Control), New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1191","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3006-58-3-113-Leitch1","series-title":"Curr Opin Anaesthesiol","first-page":"384","article-title":"Current state of sedation\/analgesia care in dentistry","volume":"20","author":"Leitch\n              J,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Leitch\n              J, \n            \n              Macpherson\n              A. \n          \n          Current state of sedation\/analgesia care in dentistry. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2007;20:384\u2013387."},{"key":"i0003-3006-58-3-113-Coulthard1","series-title":"Dent Update","first-page":"376","article-title":"Conscious sedation","volume":"24","author":"Coulthard\n              P,","year":"1997","unstructured":"Coulthard\n              P, \n            \n              Craig\n              D. \n          \n          Conscious sedation. Dent Update. 1997;24:376\u2013381."},{"key":"i0003-3006-58-3-113-Leitch2","series-title":"Br Dent J","first-page":"43","article-title":"Patient-maintained sedation for oral surgery using a target-controlled infusion of propofol: a pilot study","volume":"11","author":"Leitch\n              J,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Leitch\n              J, \n            \n              Sutcliff\n              N, \n            \n              Kennt\n              G. \n          \n          Patient-maintained sedation for oral surgery using a target-controlled infusion of propofol: a pilot study. Br Dent J. 2003;11:43\u201345."},{"key":"i0003-3006-58-3-113-Kingon1","series-title":"Dent Update","first-page":"340","article-title":"Intravenous sedation and patient response to minor oral surgery: experience of 408 cases","volume":"17","author":"Kingon\n              A.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kingon\n              A. \n          \n          Intravenous sedation and patient response to minor oral surgery: experience of 408 cases. Dent Update. 1990;17:340\u2013343."},{"key":"i0003-3006-58-3-113-Runes1","series-title":"Swed Dent J","first-page":"29","article-title":"Midazolam intravenous conscious sedation in oral surgery: a retrospective study of 372 cases","volume":"20","author":"Runes\n              J,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Runes\n              J, \n            \n              Str\u00f6m\n              C. \n          \n          Midazolam intravenous conscious sedation in oral surgery: a retrospective study of 372 cases. Swed Dent J. 1996;20:29\u201333."},{"key":"i0003-3006-58-3-113-Walton1","series-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"87","article-title":"Changes in oxygen saturation using two different sedation techniques","volume":"29","author":"Walton\n              G,","year":"1991","unstructured":"Walton\n              G, \n            \n              Boyle\n              C, \n            \n              Thompson\n              P. \n          \n          Changes in oxygen saturation using two different sedation techniques. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1991;29:87\u201389."},{"key":"i0003-3006-58-3-113-Hovagin1","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"936","article-title":"Arterial oxygen desaturation in adult dental patients receiving conscious sedation","volume":"47","author":"Hovagin\n              A,","year":"1989","unstructured":"Hovagin\n              A, \n            \n              Vitkun\n              S, \n            \n              Manecke\n              G, \n            \n              Reiner\n              R. \n          \n          Arterial oxygen desaturation in adult dental patients receiving conscious sedation. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1989;47:936\u2013939."},{"key":"i0003-3006-58-3-113-Perrott1","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"981","article-title":"Office based ambulatory anaesthesia: outcomes of clinical practice of oral and maxillofacial surgeons","volume":"61","author":"Perrott\n              DH,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Perrott\n              DH, \n            \n              Yuen\n              JP, \n            \n              Dodson\n              TB. \n          \n          Office based ambulatory anaesthesia: outcomes of clinical practice of oral and maxillofacial surgeons. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003;61:981\u2013982."},{"key":"i0003-3006-58-3-113-Milgrom1","series-title":"Anesth Prog","first-page":"57","article-title":"The safety and efficacy of outpatient midazolam intravenous sedation for oral surgery with and without fentanyl","volume":"40","author":"Milgrom\n              P,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Milgrom\n              P, \n            \n              Beirne\n              OR, \n            \n              Fiset\n              L, \n            \n              Weinstein\n              P, \n            \n              Tay\n              KM, \n            \n              Martin\n              M. \n          \n          The safety and efficacy of outpatient midazolam intravenous sedation for oral surgery with and without fentanyl. Anesth Prog. 1993;40:57\u201362."},{"key":"i0003-3006-58-3-113-Jastak1","series-title":"Anesth Prog","first-page":"39","article-title":"Major morbidity or mortality from office anesthetic procedure: a closed-claim analysis of 13 cases","volume":"38","author":"Jastak\n              JT,","year":"1991","unstructured":"Jastak\n              JT, \n            \n              Peskin\n              RM. \n          \n          Major morbidity or mortality from office anesthetic procedure: a closed-claim analysis of 13 cases. Anesth Prog. 1991;38:39\u201344."},{"key":"i0003-3006-58-3-113-Nickerson1","series-title":"Chest","first-page":"515","article-title":"Bias and precision of pulse oximeters and arterial oximeters","volume":"93","author":"Nickerson\n              BG,","year":"1988","unstructured":"Nickerson\n              BG, \n            \n              Sarkisian\n              C, \n            \n              Tremper\n              K. \n          \n          Bias and precision of pulse oximeters and arterial oximeters. Chest. 1988;93:515\u2013517."},{"key":"i0003-3006-58-3-113-Rozario1","series-title":"Gastroenterol Nurs","first-page":"281","article-title":"Supplimental oxygen during moderate sedation and the occurrence of clinically significant desaturation during endoscopic procedures","volume":"31","author":"Rozario\n              l,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rozario\n              l, \n            \n              Sloper\n              D, \n            \n              Sheridan\n              M. \n          \n          Supplimental oxygen during moderate sedation and the occurrence of clinically significant desaturation during endoscopic procedures. Gastroenterol Nurs. 2008;31:281\u2013285."},{"key":"i0003-3006-58-3-113-Hardeman1","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"942","article-title":"Incidence of hypoxemia in the post anesthetic recovery room in patients having undergone intravenous sedation outpatient oral surgery","volume":"48","author":"Hardeman\n              J,","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hardeman\n              J, \n            \n              Sabol\n              S, \n            \n              Goldwasser\n              M. \n          \n          Incidence of hypoxemia in the post anesthetic recovery room in patients having undergone intravenous sedation outpatient oral surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1990;48:942\u2013944."},{"key":"i0003-3006-58-3-113-Tinker1","series-title":"Anesthesiology","first-page":"541","article-title":"Role of monitoring devices in prevention of anesthetic mishaps: a closed claims analysis","volume":"71","author":"Tinker\n              JH,","year":"1989","unstructured":"Tinker\n              JH, \n            \n              Dull\n              DL, \n            \n              Caplan\n              RA, \n            \n              Ward\n              RJ, \n            \n              Cheney\n              FW. \n          \n          Role of monitoring devices in prevention of anesthetic mishaps: a closed claims analysis. Anesthesiology. 1989;71:541\u2013546."},{"key":"i0003-3006-58-3-113-Weaver1","series-title":"Anesth Prog","first-page":"123","article-title":"The narcotic or the benzodiazepine: which should be given first for IV conscious sedation","volume":"48","author":"Weaver\n              J.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Weaver\n              J. \n          \n          The narcotic or the benzodiazepine: which should be given first for IV conscious sedation? Anesth Prog. 2002;48:123\u2013124."},{"key":"i0003-3006-58-3-113-Hendrickx1","series-title":"Anesth Analg","first-page":"494","article-title":"Is synergy the rule? A review of anesthetic interactions producing hypnosis and immobility","volume":"107","author":"Hendrickx\n              J,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hendrickx\n              J, \n            \n              Eger\n              E, \n            \n              Sonner\n              J, \n            \n              Shafer\n              S. \n          \n          Is synergy the rule? A review of anesthetic interactions producing hypnosis and immobility. Anesth Analg. 2008;107:494\u2013506."},{"key":"i0003-3006-58-3-113-Nager1","series-title":"Emerg Med Clin North Am","first-page":"881","article-title":"Capnography: a valuable tool for airway management","volume":"26","author":"Nager\n              J,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nager\n              J, \n            \n              Krauss\n              B. \n          \n          Capnography: a valuable tool for airway management. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2008;26:881\u2013897."},{"key":"i0003-3006-58-3-113-Koniaris1","series-title":"Surg Endosc","first-page":"1261","article-title":"Capnographic monitoring of ventilatory status during moderate (conscious) sedation","volume":"17","author":"Koniaris\n              L,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Koniaris\n              L, \n            \n              Wilson\n              S, \n            \n              Drugas\n              G, \n            \n              Simmons\n              W. \n          \n          Capnographic monitoring of ventilatory status during moderate (conscious) sedation. Surg Endosc. 2003;17:1261\u20131265."},{"key":"i0003-3006-58-3-113-Srinivasa1","series-title":"Curr Opin Anaesthesiol","first-page":"517","article-title":"Capnometry in the spontaneously breathing patient","volume":"17","author":"Srinivasa\n              V,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Srinivasa\n              V, \n            \n              Kodall\n              B. \n          \n          Capnometry in the spontaneously breathing patient. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2004;17:517\u201320."},{"key":"i0003-3006-58-3-113-Sandlin1","series-title":"J Perianesth Nurs","first-page":"277","article-title":"Capnography for the non-intubated patient: the wave of the future for routine monitoring of procedural sedation patients","volume":"17","author":"Sandlin\n              D.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sandlin\n              D. \n          \n          Capnography for the non-intubated patient: the wave of the future for routine monitoring of procedural sedation patients. J Perianesth Nurs. 2002;17:277\u2013281."},{"key":"i0003-3006-58-3-113-Horiuchi1","series-title":"Am J Gastroenterol","first-page":"1650","article-title":"Low-dose propofol sedation for diagnostic eosophagogastroduodenoscopy: results in 10662 adults","volume":"104","author":"Horiuchi\n              A,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Horiuchi\n              A, \n            \n              Nakayama\n              Y, \n            \n              Hidaka\n              N, \n            \n              Ichise\n              Y, \n            \n              Kajiyama\n              M, \n            \n              Tanaka\n              N. \n          \n          Low-dose propofol sedation for diagnostic eosophagogastroduodenoscopy: results in 10662 adults. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104:1650\u20131655."},{"key":"i0003-3006-58-3-113-Borgeat1","series-title":"Anesthesiology","first-page":"642","article-title":"The nonhypnotic therapeutic applications of propofol","volume":"80","author":"Borgeat\n              A,","year":"1994","unstructured":"Borgeat\n              A, \n            \n              Oliver\n              H, \n            \n              Wilder-Smith\n              O, \n            \n              Suter\n              P. \n          \n          The nonhypnotic therapeutic applications of propofol. Anesthesiology. 1994;80:642\u2013656."},{"key":"i0003-3006-58-3-113-Vasileiou1","series-title":"Eur J Pharmacol","first-page":"1","article-title":"Propofol: a review of its non-anaesthetic effects","volume":"605","author":"Vasileiou\n              I,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vasileiou\n              I, \n            \n              Xanthos\n              T, \n            \n              Koudouna\n              E, \n            et al. \n          Propofol: a review of its non-anaesthetic effects. Eur J Pharmacol. 2009;605:1\u20138."},{"key":"i0003-3006-58-3-113-Yilmaz1","series-title":"Turk J Gastroenterol","first-page":"203","article-title":"Risk factors associated with changes in oxygenation and pulse rate during colonoscopy","volume":"13","author":"Yilmaz\n              M,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Yilmaz\n              M, \n            \n              Aydin\n              A, \n            \n              Karasu\n              Z, \n            \n              Gunsar\n              F, \n            \n              Ozutemiz\n              O. \n          \n          Risk factors associated with changes in oxygenation and pulse rate during colonoscopy. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2002;13:203\u2013208."},{"key":"i0003-3006-58-3-113-Muller1","series-title":"Arg Gastroenterol","first-page":"162","article-title":"Predictive factors of oxygen desaturation of patients submitted to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography under conscious sedation","volume":"41","author":"Muller\n              S,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Muller\n              S, \n            \n              Prolla\n              J, \n            \n              Maguilnik\n              I, \n            \n              Breyer\n              H. \n          \n          Predictive factors of oxygen desaturation of patients submitted to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography under conscious sedation. Arg Gastroenterol. 2004;41:162\u2013166."},{"key":"i0003-3006-58-3-113-Yano1","series-title":"Hepatogastroenterology","first-page":"2138","article-title":"Oxygen desaturation during sedation for colonoscopy in elderly patients","volume":"45","author":"Yano\n              H,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Yano\n              H, \n            \n              Iishi\n              H, \n            \n              Tatsuta\n              N, \n            \n              Sakai\n              N, \n            \n              Narahara\n              H, \n            \n              Omori\n              M. \n          \n          Oxygen desaturation during sedation for colonoscopy in elderly patients. Hepatogastroenterology. 1998;45:2138\u20132141."},{"key":"i0003-3006-58-3-113-Dhariwal1","series-title":"Gastrointest Endosc","first-page":"684","article-title":"Age, anemia and obesity-associated oxygen desaturation during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy","volume":"38","author":"Dhariwal\n              A,","year":"1992","unstructured":"Dhariwal\n              A, \n            \n              Plecris\n              J, \n            \n              Lo\n              N, \n            \n              Finlayson\n              N, \n            \n              Heading\n              R, \n            \n              Hayes\n              P. \n          \n          Age, anemia and obesity-associated oxygen desaturation during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 1992;38:684\u2013688."},{"key":"i0003-3006-58-3-113-Heuss1","series-title":"Am J Gastroenterol","first-page":"1751","article-title":"Safety of propofol for conscious sedation during endoscopic procedures in high-risk patients: a prospective, controlled study","volume":"98","author":"Heuss\n              L,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Heuss\n              L, \n            \n              Schnieper\n              P, \n            \n              Drewe\n              J, \n            \n              Pflimlin\n              E, \n            \n              Beglinger\n              C. \n          \n          Safety of propofol for conscious sedation during endoscopic procedures in high-risk patients: a prospective, controlled study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98:1751\u20131757."}],"container-title":["Anesthesia Progress"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/anesthesiaprogress.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/anpr\/58\/3\/article-p113.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/anesthesia-progress\/article-pdf\/58\/3\/113\/2357277\/09-00001_1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/anesthesiaprogress.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/anpr\/58\/3\/article-p113.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/anesthesiaprogress.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/anpr\/58\/3\/article-p113.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T12:24:28Z","timestamp":1728303868000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/anesthesiaprogress.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/anpr\/58\/3\/article-p113.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2344\/09-00001.1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-3006","1878-7177"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-3006","type":"print"},{"value":"1878-7177","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]}}}