{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T11:50:15Z","timestamp":1783511415338,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Dental Society of Anesthesiology (ADSA)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n        <jats:p>The purpose of this prospective, randomized, single-blind study was to determine the anesthetic efficacy of lidocaine with epinephrine compared to lidocaine with epinephrine plus 0.5\u00a0M mannitol in inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) blocks. Forty subjects randomly received an IAN block in 3 separate appointments spaced at least 1\u00a0week apart using the following formulations: a 1.8\u00a0mL solution of 36\u00a0mg lidocaine with 18\u00a0\u00b5g epinephrine (control solution); a 2.84\u00a0mL solution of 36\u00a0mg lidocaine with 18\u00a0\u00b5g epinephrine (1.80\u00a0mL) plus 0.5\u00a0M mannitol (1.04\u00a0mL); and a 5\u00a0mL solution of 63.6\u00a0mg lidocaine with 32\u00a0\u00b5g epinephrine (3.18\u00a0mL) plus 0.5\u00a0M mannitol (1.82\u00a0mL). Mandibular teeth were blindly electric pulp tested at 4-minute cycles for 60\u00a0minutes postinjection. No response from the subject to the maximum output (80 reading) of the pulp tester was used as the criterion for pulpal anesthesia. Mean percent total pulpal anesthesia was defined as the total of all the times of pulpal anesthesia (80 readings) over the 60\u00a0minutes. Pain of solution deposition and postoperative pain were also measured. The results demonstrated that 2.84\u00a0mL of lidocaine with epinephrine plus 0.5\u00a0M mannitol was significantly better than 1.8\u00a0mL of lidocaine with epinephrine for the molars and premolars. The 5\u00a0mL of lidocaine with epinephrine plus 0.5\u00a0M mannitol was statistically better than 1.8\u00a0mL of lidocaine with epinephrine and 2.84\u00a0mL of lidocaine with epinephrine plus 0.5\u00a0M mannitol for all teeth except the central incisor. Solution deposition pain and postoperative pain were not statistically different among the mannitol formulations and the lidocaine formulation without mannitol. We concluded that adding 0.5\u00a0M mannitol to lidocaine with epinephrine formulations significantly improved effectiveness in achieving a greater percentage of total pulpal anesthesia compared with a lidocaine formulation without mannitol for IAN block.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2344\/11-30.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,14]],"date-time":"2011-12-14T18:27:30Z","timestamp":1323887250000},"page":"157-165","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Anesthetic Efficacy of Combinations of 0.5\u00a0M Mannitol and Lidocaine With Epinephrine in Inferior Alveolar Nerve Blocks: A Prospective Randomized, Single-Blind Study"],"prefix":"10.2344","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Ronald","family":"Wolf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Former Graduate Student in Endodontics, The Ohio State University, currently in practice limited to Endodontics, Stow, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Al","family":"Reader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor and Program Director, Division of Endodontics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Drum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, Division of Endodontics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Nusstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor and Chair, Division of Endodontics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mike","family":"Beck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emeritus Associate Professor, Division of Oral Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1191","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3006-58-4-157-Nusstein1","series-title":"Gen Dent","first-page":"372","article-title":"Anesthetic efficacy of different volumes of lidocaine with epinephrine for inferior alveolar nerve blocks","volume":"50","author":"Nusstein\n              J,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Nusstein\n              J, \n            \n              Reader\n              A, and BeckFM. \n          Anesthetic efficacy of different volumes of lidocaine with epinephrine for inferior alveolar nerve blocks. 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J Endod. 1992;18:455\u2013459."},{"key":"i0003-3006-58-4-157-Clark1","series-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod","first-page":"557","article-title":"Anesthetic efficacy of the mylohyoid nerve block and combination inferior alveolar nerve block\/mylohyoid nerve block","volume":"87","author":"Clark\n              S,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Clark\n              S, \n            \n              Reader\n              A, \n            \n              Beck\n              M, \n            \n              Meyers\n              WJ. \n          \n          Anesthetic efficacy of the mylohyoid nerve block and combination inferior alveolar nerve block\/mylohyoid nerve block. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1999;87:557\u2013563."},{"key":"i0003-3006-58-4-157-Mikesell1","series-title":"J Endod","first-page":"265","article-title":"A comparison of articaine and lidocaine for inferior alveolar nerve blocks","volume":"31","author":"Mikesell\n              P,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mikesell\n              P, \n            \n              Nusstein\n              J, \n            \n              Reader\n              A, \n            \n              Beck\n              M, \n            \n              Weaver\n              J. \n          \n          A comparison of articaine and lidocaine for inferior alveolar nerve blocks. 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Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2000;89:83\u201387."},{"key":"i0003-3006-58-4-157-Stabile1","series-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod","first-page":"407","article-title":"Anesthetic efficacy and heart rate effects of the intraosseous injection of 1.5% etidocaine (1\u2009\u2236\u2009200,000 epinephrine) after an inferior alveolar nerve block","volume":"89","author":"Stabile\n              P,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Stabile\n              P, \n            \n              Reader\n              A, \n            \n              Gallatin\n              E, \n            \n              Beck\n              M, \n            \n              Weaver\n              J. \n          \n          Anesthetic efficacy and heart rate effects of the intraosseous injection of 1.5% etidocaine (1\u2009\u2236\u2009200,000 epinephrine) after an inferior alveolar nerve block. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2000;89:407\u2013411."},{"key":"i0003-3006-58-4-157-Childers1","series-title":"J Endod","first-page":"317","article-title":"The anesthetic efficacy of the periodontal ligament injection after an inferior alveolar nerve block","volume":"22","author":"Childers\n              M,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Childers\n              M, \n            \n              Reader\n              A, \n            \n              Nist\n              R, \n            \n              Beck\n              M, \n            \n              Meyers\n              W. \n          \n          The anesthetic efficacy of the periodontal ligament injection after an inferior alveolar nerve block. J Endod. 1996;22:317\u2013320."},{"key":"i0003-3006-58-4-157-Haase1","series-title":"J Am Dent Assoc","first-page":"1228","article-title":"Comparing anesthetic efficacy of articaine versus lidocaine as a supplemental buccal infiltration of the mandibular first molar after an inferior alveolar nerve block","volume":"139","author":"Haase\n              A,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Haase\n              A, \n            \n              Reader\n              A, \n            \n              Nusstein\n              J, \n            \n              Beck\n              M, \n            \n              Drum\n              M. \n          \n          Comparing anesthetic efficacy of articaine versus lidocaine as a supplemental buccal infiltration of the mandibular first molar after an inferior alveolar nerve block. J Am Dent Assoc. 2008;139:1228\u20131235."},{"key":"i0003-3006-58-4-157-Kanaa1","series-title":"Int Endod J","first-page":"238","article-title":"Articaine buccal infiltration enhances the effectiveness of lidocaine inferior alveolar nerve block","volume":"42","author":"Kanaa\n              MD,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kanaa\n              MD, \n            \n              Whitworth\n              JM, \n            \n              Corbett\n              IP, \n            \n              Meechan\n              JG. \n          \n          Articaine buccal infiltration enhances the effectiveness of lidocaine inferior alveolar nerve block. Int Endod J. 2009;42:238\u2013246."},{"key":"i0003-3006-58-4-157-Gilman1","series-title":"Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 6th ed","author":"Gilman\n              AG,","year":"1980","unstructured":"Gilman\n              AG, \n            \n              Goodman\n              LS, \n            \n              Gilman\n              A. \n          \n          Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 6th ed. 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