{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T03:02:38Z","timestamp":1779850958092,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Dental Society of Anesthesiology (ADSA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dexmedetomidine (DEX) can inhibit expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin 1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2), which can cause pain and hyperalgesia. DEX has also been reported to prolong the duration and enhance the effect of local anesthesia when administered peripherally with local anesthetics. Therefore, DEX might enhance dental local anesthetics by inhibiting proinflammatory cytokine production. However, there is no current evidence supporting whether proinflammatory cytokines in the oral mucosa can be inhibited by DEX administration. Therefore, we aimed to assess whether DEX administration could inhibit proinflammatory cytokines by evaluating the IL-1\u03b2 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels in labial mucosal tissues following surgical insult.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adult male Wistar rats (N = 15) were assigned to control, normal saline (NS), or 5 \u00b5g\/kg DEX (1.25 \u00b5g DEX) administration groups. Following incision of the labial mucosa, NS or DEX solution was administered for 30 minutes. The control group underwent no surgical injury or solution administration. Samples were collected from the lower right labial mucosa from rats in the control and experimental groups and analyzed using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to determine IL-1\u03b2 mRNA expression levels. One-way analysis of variance was used to evaluate the effects of DEX. The Tukey post hoc test was used to compare the relative expression levels of IL-1\u03b2 mRNA among the groups (control, NS, and DEX).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      IL-1\u03b2 mRNA expression in the NS group was significantly higher vs the other groups (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001). IL-1\u03b2 mRNA expression in the DEX group was higher vs the control group but lacked significance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results showed that DEX administration can inhibit IL-1\u03b2 mRNA expression in oral mucosal tissues caused by surgical insult.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2344\/23-0029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T05:08:16Z","timestamp":1749445696000},"page":"90-94","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["mRNA Expression Level of IL-1\u03b2 in Labial Mucosa Following Surgical Insult After Administration of Dexmedetomidine"],"prefix":"10.2344","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Yukako","family":"Tsutsui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Anesthesiology, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katsuhisa","family":"Sunada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Anesthesiology, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1191","reference":[{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-90-b01","series-title":"Brain Res Rev","first-page":"240","article-title":"Immune and inflammatory mechanisms in neuropathic pain","volume":"51","author":"Moalem G","year":"2006","unstructured":"Moalem G,\nTracey DJ. Immune and inflammatory mechanisms in neuropathic pain. Brain Res Rev. 2006;51:240\u2013264."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-90-b02","series-title":"J Anesth","first-page":"221","article-title":"Dose- and time-related effects of dexmedetomidine on mortality and inflammatory responses to endotoxin-induced shock in rats","volume":"22","author":"Taniguchi T","year":"2008","unstructured":"Taniguchi T,\nKurita A,\nKobayashi K,\nYamamoto K,\nInaba H. Dose- and time-related effects of dexmedetomidine on mortality and inflammatory responses to endotoxin-induced shock in rats. J Anesth. 2008;22:221\u2013228."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-90-b03","series-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med","first-page":"378","article-title":"Effects of intraneural injection of dexmedetomidine in combination with ropivacaine in rat sciatic nerve block","volume":"43","author":"Kim BS","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim BS,\nChoi JH,\nBaek SH,\nLee DH. Effects of intraneural injection of dexmedetomidine in combination with ropivacaine in rat sciatic nerve block. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2018;43:378\u2013384."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-90-b04","series-title":"BMC Anesthesiol","first-page":"3","article-title":"Effects of intravenous lidocaine, dexmedetomidine, and their combination on IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1 in patients undergoing laparoscopic hysterectomy: a prospective, randomized controlled trial","volume":"21","author":"Xu S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xu S,\nHu S,\nJu X,\nLi Y,\nLi Q,\nWang S. Effects of intravenous lidocaine, dexmedetomidine, and their combination on IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1 in patients undergoing laparoscopic hysterectomy: a prospective, randomized controlled trial. BMC Anesthesiol. 2021;21:3."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-90-b05","series-title":"Br J Anaesth","first-page":"777","article-title":"Effects of dexmedetomidine on perioperative stress, inflammation, and immune function: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"123","author":"Wang K","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang K,\nWu M,\nXu J, et al. Effects of dexmedetomidine on perioperative stress, inflammation, and immune function: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth. 2019;123:777\u2013794."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-90-b06","series-title":"Brain Res","first-page":"321","article-title":"Interleukin-1 mediates the behavioral hyperalgesia produced by lithium chloride and endotoxin","volume":"623","author":"Maier SF","year":"1993","unstructured":"Maier SF,\nWiertelak EP,\nMartin D,\nWatkins LR. Interleukin-1 mediates the behavioral hyperalgesia produced by lithium chloride and endotoxin. Brain Res. 1993;623:321\u2013324."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-90-b07","series-title":"Brain Res","first-page":"15","article-title":"Characterization of cytokine-induced hyperalgesia","volume":"654","author":"Watkins LR","year":"1994","unstructured":"Watkins LR,\nWiertelak EP,\nGoehler LE,\nSmith KP,\nMartin D,\nMaier SF. Characterization of cytokine-induced hyperalgesia. Brain Res. 1994;654:15\u201326."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-90-b08","series-title":"Brain Res","first-page":"244","article-title":"Mechanisms of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) hyperalgesia","volume":"692","author":"Watkins LR","year":"1995","unstructured":"Watkins LR,\nGoehler LE,\nRelton J,\nBrewer MT,\nMaier SF. Mechanisms of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) hyperalgesia. Brain Res. 1995;692:244\u2013250. 8548310"},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-90-b09","series-title":"Br J Pharmacol","first-page":"660","article-title":"The pivotal role of tumour necrosis factor alpha in the development of inflammatory hyperalgesia","volume":"107","author":"Cunha FQ","year":"1992","unstructured":"Cunha FQ,\nPoole S,\nLorenzetti BB,\nFerreira SH. The pivotal role of tumour necrosis factor alpha in the development of inflammatory hyperalgesia. Br J Pharmacol. 1992;107:660\u2013664."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-90-b10","series-title":"Nature","first-page":"698","article-title":"Interleukin-1 beta as a potent hyperalgesic agent antagonized by a tripeptide analogue","volume":"334","author":"Ferreira SH","year":"1988","unstructured":"Ferreira SH,\nLorenzetti BB,\nBristow AF,\nPoole S. Interleukin-1 beta as a potent hyperalgesic agent antagonized by a tripeptide analogue. Nature. 1988;334:698\u2013700."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-90-b11","series-title":"Br J Pharmacol","first-page":"41","article-title":"Inhibition by neuropeptides of interleukin-1 beta-induced, prostaglandin-independent hyperalgesia","volume":"98","author":"Follenfant RL","year":"1989","unstructured":"Follenfant RL,\nNakamura-Craig M,\nHenderson B,\nHiggs GA. Inhibition by neuropeptides of interleukin-1 beta-induced, prostaglandin-independent hyperalgesia. Br J Pharmacol. 1989;98:41\u201343. 2804553"},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-90-b12","series-title":"Pain","first-page":"257","article-title":"Intraneural injection of interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha into rat sciatic nerve at physiological doses induces signs of neuropathic pain","volume":"116","author":"Zelenka M","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zelenka M,\nSch\u00e4fers M,\nSommer C. Intraneural injection of interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha into rat sciatic nerve at physiological doses induces signs of neuropathic pain. Pain. 2005;116:257\u2013263."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-90-b13","series-title":"Brain Res","first-page":"145","article-title":"Intrathecal interleukin-1beta administration induces thermal hyperalgesia by activating inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in the rat spinal cord","volume":"1015","author":"Sung CS","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sung CS,\nWen ZH,\nChang WK, et al. Intrathecal interleukin-1beta administration induces thermal hyperalgesia by activating inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in the rat spinal cord. Brain Res. 2004;1015:145\u2013153."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-90-b14","series-title":"Anesth Prog","first-page":"230","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine increases the latency of thermal antinociception in rats","volume":"65","author":"Tsutsui Y","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tsutsui Y,\nSunada K. Dexmedetomidine increases the latency of thermal antinociception in rats. Anesth Prog. 2018;65:230\u2013234."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-90-b15","series-title":"Anesth Prog","first-page":"72","article-title":"Adding dexmedetomidine to articaine increases the latency of thermal antinociception in rats","volume":"67","author":"Tsutsui Y","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tsutsui Y,\nSunada K. Adding dexmedetomidine to articaine increases the latency of thermal antinociception in rats. Anesth Prog. 2020;67:72\u201378."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-90-b16","series-title":"Anesthesiology","first-page":"836","article-title":"Perineural dexmedetomidine added to ropivacaine for sciatic nerve block in rats prolongs the duration of analgesia by blocking the hyperpolarization-activated cation current","volume":"115","author":"Brummett CM","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brummett CM,\nHong EK,\nJanda AM,\nAmodeo FS,\nLydic R. Perineural dexmedetomidine added to ropivacaine for sciatic nerve block in rats prolongs the duration of analgesia by blocking the hyperpolarization-activated cation current. Anesthesiology. 2011;115:836\u2013843."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-90-b17","series-title":"Neuroscience","first-page":"58","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine prolongs levobupivacaine analgesia via inhibition of inflammation and p38 MAPK phosphorylation in rat dorsal root ganglion","volume":"361","author":"Yamakita S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yamakita S,\nMatsuda M,\nYamaguchi Y,\nSawa T,\nAmaya F. Dexmedetomidine prolongs levobupivacaine analgesia via inhibition of inflammation and p38 MAPK phosphorylation in rat dorsal root ganglion. Neuroscience. 2017;361:58\u201368."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-90-b18","series-title":"BMC Anesthesiol","first-page":"176","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine prolongs the duration of local anesthetics when used as an adjuvant through both perineural and systemic mechanisms: a prospective randomized double-blinded trial","volume":"22","author":"Bao N","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bao N,\nShi K,\nWu Y, et al. Dexmedetomidine prolongs the duration of local anesthetics when used as an adjuvant through both perineural and systemic mechanisms: a prospective randomized double-blinded trial. BMC Anesthesiol. 2022;22:176."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-90-b19","series-title":"Anesth Analg","first-page":"473","article-title":"Locally injected dexmedetomidine inhibits carrageenin-induced inflammatory responses in the injected region","volume":"118","author":"Sukegawa S","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sukegawa S,\nHiguchi H,\nInoue M,\nNagatsuka H,\nMaeda S,\nMiyawaki T. Locally injected dexmedetomidine inhibits carrageenin-induced inflammatory responses in the injected region. Anesth Analg. 2014;118:473\u2013480."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-90-b20","series-title":"Eur J Pharmacol","first-page":"173733","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine inhibits LPS-induced inflammatory responses through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR\u03b3) activation following binding to \u03b12 adrenoceptors","volume":"892","author":"Fujimoto M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fujimoto M,\nHiguchi H,\nHonda-Wakasugi Y, et al. Dexmedetomidine inhibits LPS-induced inflammatory responses through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR\u03b3) activation following binding to \u03b12 adrenoceptors. Eur J Pharmacol. 2021;892:173733."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-90-b21","series-title":"BMC Anesthesiol","first-page":"68","article-title":"The effect of dexmedetomidine on inflammatory response of septic rats","volume":"15","author":"Zhang J","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang J,\nWang Z,\nWang Y,\nZhou G,\nLi H. The effect of dexmedetomidine on inflammatory response of septic rats. BMC Anesthesiol. 2015;15:68."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-90-b22","series-title":"Inflamm Res","first-page":"507","article-title":"Effects of dexmedetomidine on early and late cytokines during polymicrobial sepsis in mice","volume":"62","author":"Xu L","year":"2013","unstructured":"Xu L,\nBao H,\nSi Y,\nWang X. Effects of dexmedetomidine on early and late cytokines during polymicrobial sepsis in mice. Inflamm Res. 2013;62:507\u2013514."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-90-b23","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"12342","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of perioperative dexmedetomidine administered as an adjunct to general anesthesia: a meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Li B","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li B,\nLi Y,\nTian S, et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of perioperative dexmedetomidine administered as an adjunct to general anesthesia: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2015;5:12342."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-90-b24","series-title":"Eur J Pharmacol","first-page":"215","article-title":"The inhibitory effect of locally injected dexmedetomidine on carrageenan-induced nociception in rats","volume":"764","author":"Honda Y","year":"2015","unstructured":"Honda Y,\nHiguchi H,\nMatsuoka Y, et al. The inhibitory effect of locally injected dexmedetomidine on carrageenan-induced nociception in rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 2015;764:215\u2013219."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-90-b01","series-title":"Brain Res Rev","first-page":"240","article-title":"Immune and inflammatory mechanisms in neuropathic pain","volume":"51","author":"Moalem G","year":"2006","unstructured":"Moalem G,\nTracey DJ. Immune and inflammatory mechanisms in neuropathic pain. Brain Res Rev. 2006;51:240\u2013264."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-90-b02","series-title":"J Anesth","first-page":"221","article-title":"Dose- and time-related effects of dexmedetomidine on mortality and inflammatory responses to endotoxin-induced shock in rats","volume":"22","author":"Taniguchi T","year":"2008","unstructured":"Taniguchi T,\nKurita A,\nKobayashi K,\nYamamoto K,\nInaba H. Dose- and time-related effects of dexmedetomidine on mortality and inflammatory responses to endotoxin-induced shock in rats. J Anesth. 2008;22:221\u2013228."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-90-b03","series-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med","first-page":"378","article-title":"Effects of intraneural injection of dexmedetomidine in combination with ropivacaine in rat sciatic nerve block","volume":"43","author":"Kim BS","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim BS,\nChoi JH,\nBaek SH,\nLee DH. Effects of intraneural injection of dexmedetomidine in combination with ropivacaine in rat sciatic nerve block. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2018;43:378\u2013384."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-90-b04","series-title":"BMC Anesthesiol","first-page":"3","article-title":"Effects of intravenous lidocaine, dexmedetomidine, and their combination on IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1 in patients undergoing laparoscopic hysterectomy: a prospective, randomized controlled trial","volume":"21","author":"Xu S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xu S,\nHu S,\nJu X,\nLi Y,\nLi Q,\nWang S. Effects of intravenous lidocaine, dexmedetomidine, and their combination on IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1 in patients undergoing laparoscopic hysterectomy: a prospective, randomized controlled trial. BMC Anesthesiol. 2021;21:3."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-90-b05","series-title":"Br J Anaesth","first-page":"777","article-title":"Effects of dexmedetomidine on perioperative stress, inflammation, and immune function: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"123","author":"Wang K","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang K,\nWu M,\nXu J, et al. Effects of dexmedetomidine on perioperative stress, inflammation, and immune function: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth. 2019;123:777\u2013794."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-90-b06","series-title":"Brain Res","first-page":"321","article-title":"Interleukin-1 mediates the behavioral hyperalgesia produced by lithium chloride and endotoxin","volume":"623","author":"Maier SF","year":"1993","unstructured":"Maier SF,\nWiertelak EP,\nMartin D,\nWatkins LR. Interleukin-1 mediates the behavioral hyperalgesia produced by lithium chloride and endotoxin. Brain Res. 1993;623:321\u2013324."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-90-b07","series-title":"Brain Res","first-page":"15","article-title":"Characterization of cytokine-induced hyperalgesia","volume":"654","author":"Watkins LR","year":"1994","unstructured":"Watkins LR,\nWiertelak EP,\nGoehler LE,\nSmith KP,\nMartin D,\nMaier SF. Characterization of cytokine-induced hyperalgesia. Brain Res. 1994;654:15\u201326."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-90-b08","series-title":"Brain Res","first-page":"244","article-title":"Mechanisms of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) hyperalgesia","volume":"692","author":"Watkins LR","year":"1995","unstructured":"Watkins LR,\nGoehler LE,\nRelton J,\nBrewer MT,\nMaier SF. Mechanisms of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) hyperalgesia. Brain Res. 1995;692:244\u2013250. 8548310"},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-90-b09","series-title":"Br J Pharmacol","first-page":"660","article-title":"The pivotal role of tumour necrosis factor alpha in the development of inflammatory hyperalgesia","volume":"107","author":"Cunha FQ","year":"1992","unstructured":"Cunha FQ,\nPoole S,\nLorenzetti BB,\nFerreira SH. The pivotal role of tumour necrosis factor alpha in the development of inflammatory hyperalgesia. Br J Pharmacol. 1992;107:660\u2013664."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-90-b10","series-title":"Nature","first-page":"698","article-title":"Interleukin-1 beta as a potent hyperalgesic agent antagonized by a tripeptide analogue","volume":"334","author":"Ferreira SH","year":"1988","unstructured":"Ferreira SH,\nLorenzetti BB,\nBristow AF,\nPoole S. Interleukin-1 beta as a potent hyperalgesic agent antagonized by a tripeptide analogue. Nature. 1988;334:698\u2013700."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-90-b11","series-title":"Br J Pharmacol","first-page":"41","article-title":"Inhibition by neuropeptides of interleukin-1 beta-induced, prostaglandin-independent hyperalgesia","volume":"98","author":"Follenfant RL","year":"1989","unstructured":"Follenfant RL,\nNakamura-Craig M,\nHenderson B,\nHiggs GA. Inhibition by neuropeptides of interleukin-1 beta-induced, prostaglandin-independent hyperalgesia. Br J Pharmacol. 1989;98:41\u201343. 2804553"},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-90-b12","series-title":"Pain","first-page":"257","article-title":"Intraneural injection of interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha into rat sciatic nerve at physiological doses induces signs of neuropathic pain","volume":"116","author":"Zelenka M","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zelenka M,\nSch\u00e4fers M,\nSommer C. Intraneural injection of interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha into rat sciatic nerve at physiological doses induces signs of neuropathic pain. Pain. 2005;116:257\u2013263."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-90-b13","series-title":"Brain Res","first-page":"145","article-title":"Intrathecal interleukin-1beta administration induces thermal hyperalgesia by activating inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in the rat spinal cord","volume":"1015","author":"Sung CS","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sung CS,\nWen ZH,\nChang WK, et al. Intrathecal interleukin-1beta administration induces thermal hyperalgesia by activating inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in the rat spinal cord. Brain Res. 2004;1015:145\u2013153."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-90-b14","series-title":"Anesth Prog","first-page":"230","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine increases the latency of thermal antinociception in rats","volume":"65","author":"Tsutsui Y","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tsutsui Y,\nSunada K. Dexmedetomidine increases the latency of thermal antinociception in rats. Anesth Prog. 2018;65:230\u2013234."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-90-b15","series-title":"Anesth Prog","first-page":"72","article-title":"Adding dexmedetomidine to articaine increases the latency of thermal antinociception in rats","volume":"67","author":"Tsutsui Y","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tsutsui Y,\nSunada K. Adding dexmedetomidine to articaine increases the latency of thermal antinociception in rats. Anesth Prog. 2020;67:72\u201378."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-90-b16","series-title":"Anesthesiology","first-page":"836","article-title":"Perineural dexmedetomidine added to ropivacaine for sciatic nerve block in rats prolongs the duration of analgesia by blocking the hyperpolarization-activated cation current","volume":"115","author":"Brummett CM","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brummett CM,\nHong EK,\nJanda AM,\nAmodeo FS,\nLydic R. Perineural dexmedetomidine added to ropivacaine for sciatic nerve block in rats prolongs the duration of analgesia by blocking the hyperpolarization-activated cation current. Anesthesiology. 2011;115:836\u2013843."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-90-b17","series-title":"Neuroscience","first-page":"58","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine prolongs levobupivacaine analgesia via inhibition of inflammation and p38 MAPK phosphorylation in rat dorsal root ganglion","volume":"361","author":"Yamakita S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yamakita S,\nMatsuda M,\nYamaguchi Y,\nSawa T,\nAmaya F. Dexmedetomidine prolongs levobupivacaine analgesia via inhibition of inflammation and p38 MAPK phosphorylation in rat dorsal root ganglion. Neuroscience. 2017;361:58\u201368."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-90-b18","series-title":"BMC Anesthesiol","first-page":"176","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine prolongs the duration of local anesthetics when used as an adjuvant through both perineural and systemic mechanisms: a prospective randomized double-blinded trial","volume":"22","author":"Bao N","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bao N,\nShi K,\nWu Y, et al. Dexmedetomidine prolongs the duration of local anesthetics when used as an adjuvant through both perineural and systemic mechanisms: a prospective randomized double-blinded trial. BMC Anesthesiol. 2022;22:176."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-90-b19","series-title":"Anesth Analg","first-page":"473","article-title":"Locally injected dexmedetomidine inhibits carrageenin-induced inflammatory responses in the injected region","volume":"118","author":"Sukegawa S","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sukegawa S,\nHiguchi H,\nInoue M,\nNagatsuka H,\nMaeda S,\nMiyawaki T. Locally injected dexmedetomidine inhibits carrageenin-induced inflammatory responses in the injected region. Anesth Analg. 2014;118:473\u2013480."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-90-b20","series-title":"Eur J Pharmacol","first-page":"173733","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine inhibits LPS-induced inflammatory responses through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR\u03b3) activation following binding to \u03b12 adrenoceptors","volume":"892","author":"Fujimoto M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fujimoto M,\nHiguchi H,\nHonda-Wakasugi Y, et al. Dexmedetomidine inhibits LPS-induced inflammatory responses through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR\u03b3) activation following binding to \u03b12 adrenoceptors. Eur J Pharmacol. 2021;892:173733."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-90-b21","series-title":"BMC Anesthesiol","first-page":"68","article-title":"The effect of dexmedetomidine on inflammatory response of septic rats","volume":"15","author":"Zhang J","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang J,\nWang Z,\nWang Y,\nZhou G,\nLi H. The effect of dexmedetomidine on inflammatory response of septic rats. BMC Anesthesiol. 2015;15:68."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-90-b22","series-title":"Inflamm Res","first-page":"507","article-title":"Effects of dexmedetomidine on early and late cytokines during polymicrobial sepsis in mice","volume":"62","author":"Xu L","year":"2013","unstructured":"Xu L,\nBao H,\nSi Y,\nWang X. Effects of dexmedetomidine on early and late cytokines during polymicrobial sepsis in mice. Inflamm Res. 2013;62:507\u2013514."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-90-b23","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"12342","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of perioperative dexmedetomidine administered as an adjunct to general anesthesia: a meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Li B","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li B,\nLi Y,\nTian S, et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of perioperative dexmedetomidine administered as an adjunct to general anesthesia: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2015;5:12342."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-90-b24","series-title":"Eur J Pharmacol","first-page":"215","article-title":"The inhibitory effect of locally injected dexmedetomidine on carrageenan-induced nociception in rats","volume":"764","author":"Honda Y","year":"2015","unstructured":"Honda Y,\nHiguchi H,\nMatsuoka Y, et al. The inhibitory effect of locally injected dexmedetomidine on carrageenan-induced nociception in rats. 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