{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T11:13:59Z","timestamp":1790248439038,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"American Dental Society of Anesthesiology (ADSA)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Previous studies of nerve distribution in the orofacial complex have focused primarily on the anatomic courses of nerve fibers and have rarely addressed the density of nerve distribution. The nerve distribution in the mandible was described in only one report which showed an increase in nerve distribution density moving from the alveolar crest toward the inferior alveolar nerve. However, no previous reports have focused on the nerve distribution density in the maxilla.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study involving 6 Wistar rats, tissue samples from the maxillary molar region were obtained and sectioned for staining and analysis. All nerves including nociceptive nerves in 5 regions of the maxilla samples, ranging from the alveolar crest to the superior alveolar nerve, were immunohistochemically stained with antibodies to protein gene product (PGP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) to identify and measure the vertical and horizontal nerve distribution densities in the 5 regions under an optical microscope. We also determined the ratio of nociceptive (CGRP-positive) nerves to all (PGP-positive) nerves.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The densities of both PGP- and CGRP-positive nerves increased vertically from the alveolar crest to the superior alveolar nerve and horizontally from the periosteal side to the periodontal ligament side within the maxilla. The ratio of CGRP- to PGP-positive nerves was on average greater than 80%.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings were consistent with those of the previous report on mandibular nerve distribution. However, our results suggest that the overall nerve distribution density in the maxilla is approximately one-third of that in the mandible. The results of this study, which report the nerve distribution density in the posterior maxilla, may support future research on pain and local anesthesia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2344\/23-0035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T00:45:29Z","timestamp":1757378729000},"page":"151-158","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immunohistochemical Analysis of Maxillary Nerve Distribution in Rats"],"prefix":"10.2344","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Hikaru","family":"Moriyama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Ohu University School of Dentistry, Fukushima, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Nakase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Ohu University School of Dentistry, Fukushima, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimiharu","family":"Ambe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Histology, Ohu University School of Dentistry, Fukushima, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroyosi","family":"Kawaai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Ohu University School of Dentistry, Fukushima, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinya","family":"Yamazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Ohu University School of Dentistry, Fukushima, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1191","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"i1878-7177-72-3-151-b01","series-title":"Wiad Lek","first-page":"906","article-title":"Optimization of local anesthesia of dental patients during cystectomies of radicular cysts that have grown into the maxillary sinus or nasal cavity","volume":"74","author":"Mokryk OY","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mokryk OY,\nAvetikov DS,\nSorokivskyi IS,\nHavryltsiv ST,\nSorokivska N\u041c. Optimization of local anesthesia of dental patients during cystectomies of radicular cysts that have grown into the maxillary sinus or nasal cavity. Wiad Lek. 2021;74(4):906\u2013910."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1878-7177-72-3-151-b02","series-title":"J Int Soc Prev Community Dent","first-page":"359","article-title":"Maxillary nerve block via the greater palatine canal: An old technique revisited","volume":"5","author":"Aoun G","year":"2015","unstructured":"Aoun G,\nZaarour I,\nSokhn S,\nNasseh I. Maxillary nerve block via the greater palatine canal: An old technique revisited. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2015;5(5):359\u2013364. doi:10.4103\/2231-0762.165930"},{"issue":"2","key":"i1878-7177-72-3-151-b03","series-title":"Anesth Prog","first-page":"47","article-title":"Maxillary nerve block","volume":"24","author":"Mahoney PM.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Mahoney PM. Maxillary nerve block. 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Accessed May 18, 2023. https:\/\/www.ohu-u.ac.jp\/information\/compliance\/compliance-10.pdf"},{"issue":"3","key":"i1878-7177-72-3-151-b07","series-title":"J Anat","first-page":"263","article-title":"Innervation patterns of PGP 9.5-positive nerve fibers within the human lumbar vertebra","volume":"218","author":"Bailey JF","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bailey JF,\nLiebenberg E,\nDegmetich S,\nLotz JC. Innervation patterns of PGP 9.5-positive nerve fibers within the human lumbar vertebra. J Anat. 2011;218(3):263\u2013270. doi:10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2010.01332.x"},{"issue":"11","key":"i1878-7177-72-3-151-b08","series-title":"J. Pain","first-page":"1289","article-title":"Differentiation of nerve fibers storing CGRP and CGRP receptors in the peripheral trigeminovascular system","volume":"14","author":"Eftekhari S","year":"2013","unstructured":"Eftekhari S,\nWarfvinge K,\nBlixt FW,\nEdvinsson L. Differentiation of nerve fibers storing CGRP and CGRP receptors in the peripheral trigeminovascular system. J. Pain. 2013;14(11):1289\u20131303. doi:10.1016\/j.jpain.2013.03.010"},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-3-151-b09","series-title":"Electrical Signs of Nervous Activity","author":"Erlanger J","year":"1968","unstructured":"Erlanger J,\nGasser HS. Electrical Signs of Nervous Activity. 2nd ed. University of Pennsylvania Press; 1968."},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"i1878-7177-72-3-151-b10","series-title":"Tissue Eng Part A","first-page":"424","article-title":"Predifferentiated gingival stem cell-induced bone regeneration in rat alveolar bone defect model","volume":"27","author":"Kandalam U","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kandalam U,\nKawai T,\nRavindran G, et al. Predifferentiated gingival stem cell-induced bone regeneration in rat alveolar bone defect model. 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Angle Orthod. 2010;80(2): 309\u2013315. doi:10.2319\/040109-185.1"},{"issue":"Pt2","key":"i1878-7177-72-3-151-b12","series-title":"J Anat","first-page":"245","article-title":"Distribution and coexistence of neuropeptides in nerve fibres in the temporomandibular joint of late gestation fetal sheep","volume":"191","author":"Tahmasebi-Sarvestani A","year":"1997","unstructured":"Tahmasebi-Sarvestani A,\nTedman R,\nGoss AN. Distribution and coexistence of neuropeptides in nerve fibres in the temporomandibular joint of late gestation fetal sheep. 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J Anat. 2009;214:267\u2013274. doi:10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2008.01029.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"i1878-7177-72-3-151-b14","series-title":"Eur J Histochem","first-page":"3234","article-title":"Comparison of CGRP distributions in the maxillary sinus and trigeminal ganglion between elderly dentulous and edentulous humans","volume":"65","author":"Matsuda H","year":"2021","unstructured":"Matsuda H,\nSato I,\nAsaumi R, et al. Comparison of CGRP distributions in the maxillary sinus and trigeminal ganglion between elderly dentulous and edentulous humans. Eur J Histochem. 2021;65(2):3234. doi:10.4081\/ejh2021.3234"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1878-7177-72-3-151-b15","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"10672","article-title":"Parvalbumin-, substance P- and calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunopositive axons in the human dental pulp differ in their distribution of varicosities","volume":"10","author":"Park SK","year":"2020","unstructured":"Park SK,\nChoi SK,\nKim YG, et al. Parvalbumin-, substance P- and calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunopositive axons in the human dental pulp differ in their distribution of varicosities. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):10672. doi:10.1038\/s41598-020-67804-x"},{"issue":"2","key":"i1878-7177-72-3-151-b16","series-title":"J Appl Oral Sci","first-page":"167","article-title":"Surgical anatomy of the maxillary nerve in the zygomatic region","volume":"13","author":"Moretto EP","year":"2005","unstructured":"Moretto EP,\nSilva GH,\nToledo Filho JL,\nAndreo JC,\nNavarro Rde L,\nNavarro JA. Surgical anatomy of the maxillary nerve in the zygomatic region. 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Mol Pain. 2021;17:17448069211021271. doi:10.1177\/17448069211021271"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1878-7177-72-3-151-b20","series-title":"J Headache Pain","first-page":"105","article-title":"C-fibers may modulate adjacent A\u03b4-fibers through axon-axon CGRP signaling at nodes of Ranvier in the trigeminal system","volume":"20","author":"Edvinsson JCA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Edvinsson JCA,\nWarfvinge K,\nKrause DN, et al. C-fibers may modulate adjacent A\u03b4-fibers through axon-axon CGRP signaling at nodes of Ranvier in the trigeminal system. J Headache Pain. 2019;20(1):105. doi:10.1186\/s10194-019-1055-3"},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-3-151-b21","series-title":"BMC Neurosci","first-page":"112","article-title":"Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and its receptor components in human and rat spinal trigeminal nucleus and spinal cord at C1-level","volume":"12","author":"Eftekhari S","year":"2011","unstructured":"Eftekhari S,\nEdvinsson L. 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Infiltration anesthesia in the mandible. Dental Clin North Am. 2010;54(4):621\u2013629. doi:10.1016\/j.cden.2010.06.003"},{"issue":"3","key":"i1878-7177-72-3-151-b24","series-title":"Gen Dent","first-page":"26","article-title":"Buccal injection of articaine to anesthetize the palatal mucosa","volume":"67","author":"Abu Sharkh M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abu Sharkh M,\nKhalil A,\nOng-Ly C,\nWilson TD,\nGalil K. Buccal injection of articaine to anesthetize the palatal mucosa. Gen Dent. 2019;67(3):26\u201330."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-3-151-b25","series-title":"J Appl Oral Sci","first-page":"e20190148","article-title":"CBCT assessment of bone thickness in maxillary and mandibular teeth: an anatomic study","volume":"28","author":"Porto OCL","year":"2020","unstructured":"Porto OCL,\nSilva BSF,\nSilva JA, et al. CBCT assessment of bone thickness in maxillary and mandibular teeth: an anatomic study. 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Int J Dent. 2011;2011:575874. doi:10.1155\/2011\/575874"}],"container-title":["Anesthesia Progress"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/anesthesiaprogress.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/anpr\/72\/3\/article-p151.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/anesthesiaprogress.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/anpr\/72\/3\/article-p151.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/anesthesiaprogress.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/anpr\/72\/3\/article-p151.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T10:44:32Z","timestamp":1790246672000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/anesthesiaprogress.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/anpr\/72\/3\/article-p151.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2344\/23-0035","relation":{},"ISSN":["1878-7177","0003-3006"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1878-7177","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0003-3006","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}}}