{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T03:02:31Z","timestamp":1779850951667,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"American Dental Society of Anesthesiology (ADSA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Urgent or emergent dental or oral and maxillofacial surgery procedures are acceptable at all stages of pregnancy and encouraged for maintaining the overall wellness of parturients. However, the risks and benefits of nonobstetric surgical procedures under general anesthesia should be weighed carefully because pregnant patients experience significant physiologic remodeling, and many anesthetic drugs and techniques may cause inhibition of fetal development as well as preterm labor and delivery. This case report discusses the choice of anesthetic technique based on the changes in maternal physiology, maintenance of adequate uteroplacental perfusion, avoidance of potentially dangerous drugs during fetal development, and prevention of preterm labor and delivery to ensure maternal safety and maintenance of pregnancy. The case presented highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to ensure adequate anesthetic management in pregnant women.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2344\/23-0053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T05:08:16Z","timestamp":1749445696000},"page":"104-108","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Anesthetic Management of a Pregnant Patient Undergoing Oral Surgery"],"prefix":"10.2344","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Mitsuhiro","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Medicine, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kana","family":"Oue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Medicine, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitsuru","family":"Doi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshitaka","family":"Shimizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1191","reference":[{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b01","series-title":"Anesth Prog","first-page":"52","article-title":"Anesthetic management of the pregnant patient: part 1","volume":"68","author":"Shin J.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shin J. Anesthetic management of the pregnant patient: part 1. Anesth Prog. 2021;68:52\u201362."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b02","series-title":"Br J Anaesth","first-page":"72","article-title":"Anaesthetic considerations for non-obstetric surgery during pregnancy","volume":"107","author":"Reitman E","year":"2011","unstructured":"Reitman E,\nFlood P. Anaesthetic considerations for non-obstetric surgery during pregnancy. Br J Anaesth. 2011;107:72\u201378."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b03","series-title":"J Clin Anesth","first-page":"60","article-title":"Anesthesia in pregnant patients for nonobstetric surgery","volume":"18","author":"N\u00ed Mhuireachtaigh R","year":"2006","unstructured":"N\u00ed Mhuireachtaigh R,\nO\u2019Gorman DA. Anesthesia in pregnant patients for nonobstetric surgery. J Clin Anesth. 2006;18:60\u201366."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b04","series-title":"Ann Surg","first-page":"260","article-title":"The risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes following nonobstetric surgery during pregnancy: estimates from a retrospective cohort study of 6.5 million pregnancies","volume":"266","author":"Balinskaite V","year":"2017","unstructured":"Balinskaite V,\nBottle A,\nSodhi V, et al. The risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes following nonobstetric surgery during pregnancy: estimates from a retrospective cohort study of 6.5 million pregnancies. Ann Surg. 2017;266:260\u2013266."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b05","series-title":"Cont Educ Anaesth Crit Care Pain","first-page":"203","article-title":"Anaesthesia for non-obstetric procedures during pregnancy","volume":"12","author":"Nejdlova M","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nejdlova M,\nJohnson, T. Anaesthesia for non-obstetric procedures during pregnancy. Cont Educ Anaesth Crit Care Pain. 2012;12:203\u2013206."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b06","series-title":"Clin Chest Med","first-page":"1","article-title":"Respiratory physiology in pregnancy","volume":"32","author":"Hegewald MJ","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hegewald MJ,\nCrapo RO. Respiratory physiology in pregnancy. Clin Chest Med. 2011;32:1\u201313."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b07","series-title":"Anaesthesia","first-page":"273","article-title":"Failed tracheal intubation in obstetrics\u2014possible audit","volume":"47","author":"Lockie J","year":"1992","unstructured":"Lockie J,\nPotter F. Failed tracheal intubation in obstetrics\u2014possible audit? Anaesthesia. 1992; 47:273\u2013274."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b08","series-title":"Br J Anaesth","first-page":"680","article-title":"Failed intubation revisited: 17-yr experience in a teaching maternity unit","volume":"76","author":"Hawthorne L","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hawthorne L,\nWilson R,\nLyons G,\nDresner M. Failed intubation revisited: 17-yr experience in a teaching maternity unit. Br J Anaesth. 1996;76:680\u2013684."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b09","series-title":"Anaesthesia","first-page":"168","article-title":"Failed tracheal intubation in obstetrics: no more frequent but still managed badly","volume":"60","author":"Rahman K","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rahman K,\nJenkins JG. Failed tracheal intubation in obstetrics: no more frequent but still managed badly. Anaesthesia. 2005;60:168\u2013171."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b10","series-title":"Anaesthesia","first-page":"1168","article-title":"Difficult and failed intubation in 3430 obstetric general anaesthetics","volume":"64","author":"Djabatey EA","year":"2009","unstructured":"Djabatey EA,\nBarclay PM. Difficult and failed intubation in 3430 obstetric general anaesthetics. Anaesthesia. 2009;64:1168\u20131171."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b11","series-title":"Br J Anaesth","first-page":"74","article-title":"Failed tracheal intubation in obstetric anaesthesia: 2 yr national case-control study in the UK","volume":"110","author":"Quinn AC","year":"2013","unstructured":"Quinn AC,\nMilne D,\nColumb M,\nGorton H,\nKnight M. Failed tracheal intubation in obstetric anaesthesia: 2 yr national case-control study in the UK. Br J Anaesth. 2013;110:74\u201380."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b12","series-title":"Obstet Gynecol","first-page":"69","article-title":"Anesthesia-related maternal mortality in the United States: 1979-2002","volume":"117","author":"Hawkins JL","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hawkins JL,\nChang J,\nPalmer SK,\nGibbs CP,\nCallaghan WM. Anesthesia-related maternal mortality in the United States: 1979-2002. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;117:69\u201374."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b13","series-title":"Br J Anaesth","first-page":"317","article-title":"Effects of the pregnant uterus on the extradural venous plexus in the supine and lateral positions, as determined by magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"78","author":"Hirabayashi Y","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hirabayashi Y,\nShimizu R,\nFukuda H,\nSaitoh K,\nIgarashi T. Effects of the pregnant uterus on the extradural venous plexus in the supine and lateral positions, as determined by magnetic resonance imaging. Br J Anaesth. 1997;78:317\u2013319."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b14","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"1479","article-title":"Management of the pregnant oral and maxillofacial surgery patient","volume":"60","author":"Turner M","year":"2002","unstructured":"Turner M,\nAziz SR. Management of the pregnant oral and maxillofacial surgery patient. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2002;60:1479\u20131488."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b15","series-title":"Breathe (Sheff)","first-page":"297","article-title":"Respiratory physiology of pregnancy: physiology masterclass","volume":"11","author":"LoMauro A","year":"2015","unstructured":"LoMauro A,\nAliverti A. Respiratory physiology of pregnancy: physiology masterclass. Breathe (Sheff). 2015;11:297\u2013301."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b16","series-title":"Obstet Gynecol","first-page":"777","article-title":"nonobstetric surgery during pregnancy: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists","volume":"129","author":"Committee Opinion No. 696","year":"2017","unstructured":"Committee Opinion No. 696: nonobstetric surgery during pregnancy: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Obstet Gynecol. 2017;129:777\u2013778."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b17","series-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol","first-page":"83","article-title":"Effects of general anaesthetics on second messenger systems","volume":"12","author":"Kress HG.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kress HG. Effects of general anaesthetics on second messenger systems. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 1995;12:83\u201397."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b18","series-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol","first-page":"51","article-title":"Volatile anaesthetics: cellular mechanisms of action","volume":"12","author":"Langmoen IA","year":"1995","unstructured":"Langmoen IA,\nLarsen M,\nBerg-Johnsen J. Volatile anaesthetics: cellular mechanisms of action. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 1995;12:51\u201358."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b19","series-title":"Anesthesiology","first-page":"21","article-title":"Mitosis in mammalian cells during exposure to anesthetics","volume":"43","author":"Sturrock JE","year":"1975","unstructured":"Sturrock JE,\nNunn JF. Mitosis in mammalian cells during exposure to anesthetics. Anesthesiology. 1975;43:21\u201333."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b20","series-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol","first-page":"98","article-title":"Food and Drug Administration warning on anesthesia and brain development: implications for obstetric and fetal surgery","volume":"218","author":"Olutoye OA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Olutoye OA,\nBaker BW,\nBelfort MA,\nOlutoye OO. Food and Drug Administration warning on anesthesia and brain development: implications for obstetric and fetal surgery. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018;218:98\u2013102."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b21","series-title":"Aust Fam Physician","first-page":"237","article-title":"The Australian categorisation of risk of drug use in pregnancy","volume":"29","author":"Ritchie H","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ritchie H,\nBolton P. The Australian categorisation of risk of drug use in pregnancy. Aust Fam Physician. 2000;29:237\u2013241."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b22","series-title":"Anesth Analg","first-page":"920","article-title":"A quantitative, systematic review of randomized controlled trials of ephedrine versus phenylephrine for the management of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery","volume":"94","author":"Lee A","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lee A,\nNgan Kee WD,\nGin T. A quantitative, systematic review of randomized controlled trials of ephedrine versus phenylephrine for the management of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesth Analg. 2002;94:920\u2013926."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b23","series-title":"Anesthesiology","first-page":"1582","article-title":"Fetal and maternal effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery","volume":"97","author":"Cooper DW","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cooper DW,\nCarpenter M,\nMowbray P,\nDesira WR,\nRyall DM,\nKokri MS. Fetal and maternal effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology. 2002;97:1582\u20131590."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b24","series-title":"Obstet Gynecol","first-page":"40","article-title":"Appendicitis during pregnancy","volume":"50","author":"Babaknia A","year":"1977","unstructured":"Babaknia A,\nParsa H,\nWoodruff JD. Appendicitis during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 1977;50;1:40\u201344."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b25","series-title":"Br Med J","first-page":"165","article-title":"Laparotomy during pregnancy: an assessment of diagnostic accuracy and fetal wastage","volume":"5872","author":"Saunders P","year":"1973","unstructured":"Saunders P,\nMilton PJ. Laparotomy during pregnancy: an assessment of diagnostic accuracy and fetal wastage. Br Med J. 1973;5872:165\u2013167."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b26","series-title":"Anesth Analg","first-page":"443","article-title":"The effects of volatile anesthetics on spontaneous contractility of isolated human pregnant uterine muscle: a comparison among sevoflurane, desflurane, isoflurane, and halothane","volume":"103","author":"Yoo KY","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yoo KY,\nLee JC,\nYoon MH, et al. The effects of volatile anesthetics on spontaneous contractility of isolated human pregnant uterine muscle: a comparison among sevoflurane, desflurane, isoflurane, and halothane. Anesth Analg. 2006;103:443\u2013447."},{"issue":"7411","key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b27","series-title":"Br Med J","first-page":"368","article-title":"Exposure to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs during pregnancy and risk of miscarriage: population based cohort study","volume":"324","author":"De-Kun L","year":"2003","unstructured":"De-Kun L,\nLiyan L,\nOdouli R. Exposure to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs during pregnancy and risk of miscarriage: population based cohort study. Br Med J. 2003;324;7411:368."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b28","series-title":"Anesth Analg","first-page":"751","article-title":"Gastric emptying of water in obese pregnant women at term","volume":"105","author":"Wong CA","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wong CA,\nMcCarthy RJ,\nFitzgerald PC,\nRaikoff K,\nAvram MJ. Gastric emptying of water in obese pregnant women at term. Anesth Analg. 2007;105:751\u2013755."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b29","series-title":"Evidence\u2010based Obstetric Anesthesia","first-page":"178","article-title":"A rational approach to aspiration prophylaxis","author":"O\u2019Sullivan G","year":"2005","unstructured":"O\u2019Sullivan G,\nHart D,\nShennan A. A rational approach to aspiration prophylaxis. In: \nHalpern SH,\nDouglas MJ, eds. Evidence\u2010based Obstetric Anesthesia. Blackwell Publishing; 2005:178\u2013191."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b30","series-title":"Can J Anaesth","first-page":"748","article-title":"No evidence for decreased incidence of aspiration after rapid sequence induction","volume":"54","author":"Neilipovitz DT","year":"2007","unstructured":"Neilipovitz DT,\nCrosby ET. No evidence for decreased incidence of aspiration after rapid sequence induction. Can J Anaesth. 2007:54:748\u2013764."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b31","series-title":"Anesthesiology","first-page":"1096","article-title":"A series of anesthesia-related maternal deaths in Michigan, 1985-2003","volume":"106","author":"Mhyre JM","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mhyre JM,\nRiesner MN,\nPolley LS,\nNaughton NN. A series of anesthesia-related maternal deaths in Michigan, 1985-2003. Anesthesiology. 2007;106:1096\u201310104."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b01","series-title":"Anesth Prog","first-page":"52","article-title":"Anesthetic management of the pregnant patient: part 1","volume":"68","author":"Shin J.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shin J. Anesthetic management of the pregnant patient: part 1. Anesth Prog. 2021;68:52\u201362."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b02","series-title":"Br J Anaesth","first-page":"72","article-title":"Anaesthetic considerations for non-obstetric surgery during pregnancy","volume":"107","author":"Reitman E","year":"2011","unstructured":"Reitman E,\nFlood P. Anaesthetic considerations for non-obstetric surgery during pregnancy. Br J Anaesth. 2011;107:72\u201378."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b03","series-title":"J Clin Anesth","first-page":"60","article-title":"Anesthesia in pregnant patients for nonobstetric surgery","volume":"18","author":"N\u00ed Mhuireachtaigh R","year":"2006","unstructured":"N\u00ed Mhuireachtaigh R,\nO\u2019Gorman DA. Anesthesia in pregnant patients for nonobstetric surgery. J Clin Anesth. 2006;18:60\u201366."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b04","series-title":"Ann Surg","first-page":"260","article-title":"The risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes following nonobstetric surgery during pregnancy: estimates from a retrospective cohort study of 6.5 million pregnancies","volume":"266","author":"Balinskaite V","year":"2017","unstructured":"Balinskaite V,\nBottle A,\nSodhi V, et al. The risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes following nonobstetric surgery during pregnancy: estimates from a retrospective cohort study of 6.5 million pregnancies. Ann Surg. 2017;266:260\u2013266."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b05","series-title":"Cont Educ Anaesth Crit Care Pain","first-page":"203","article-title":"Anaesthesia for non-obstetric procedures during pregnancy","volume":"12","author":"Nejdlova M","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nejdlova M,\nJohnson, T. Anaesthesia for non-obstetric procedures during pregnancy. Cont Educ Anaesth Crit Care Pain. 2012;12:203\u2013206."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b06","series-title":"Clin Chest Med","first-page":"1","article-title":"Respiratory physiology in pregnancy","volume":"32","author":"Hegewald MJ","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hegewald MJ,\nCrapo RO. Respiratory physiology in pregnancy. Clin Chest Med. 2011;32:1\u201313."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b07","series-title":"Anaesthesia","first-page":"273","article-title":"Failed tracheal intubation in obstetrics\u2014possible audit","volume":"47","author":"Lockie J","year":"1992","unstructured":"Lockie J,\nPotter F. Failed tracheal intubation in obstetrics\u2014possible audit? Anaesthesia. 1992; 47:273\u2013274."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b08","series-title":"Br J Anaesth","first-page":"680","article-title":"Failed intubation revisited: 17-yr experience in a teaching maternity unit","volume":"76","author":"Hawthorne L","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hawthorne L,\nWilson R,\nLyons G,\nDresner M. Failed intubation revisited: 17-yr experience in a teaching maternity unit. Br J Anaesth. 1996;76:680\u2013684."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b09","series-title":"Anaesthesia","first-page":"168","article-title":"Failed tracheal intubation in obstetrics: no more frequent but still managed badly","volume":"60","author":"Rahman K","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rahman K,\nJenkins JG. Failed tracheal intubation in obstetrics: no more frequent but still managed badly. Anaesthesia. 2005;60:168\u2013171."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b10","series-title":"Anaesthesia","first-page":"1168","article-title":"Difficult and failed intubation in 3430 obstetric general anaesthetics","volume":"64","author":"Djabatey EA","year":"2009","unstructured":"Djabatey EA,\nBarclay PM. Difficult and failed intubation in 3430 obstetric general anaesthetics. Anaesthesia. 2009;64:1168\u20131171."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b11","series-title":"Br J Anaesth","first-page":"74","article-title":"Failed tracheal intubation in obstetric anaesthesia: 2 yr national case-control study in the UK","volume":"110","author":"Quinn AC","year":"2013","unstructured":"Quinn AC,\nMilne D,\nColumb M,\nGorton H,\nKnight M. Failed tracheal intubation in obstetric anaesthesia: 2 yr national case-control study in the UK. Br J Anaesth. 2013;110:74\u201380."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b12","series-title":"Obstet Gynecol","first-page":"69","article-title":"Anesthesia-related maternal mortality in the United States: 1979-2002","volume":"117","author":"Hawkins JL","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hawkins JL,\nChang J,\nPalmer SK,\nGibbs CP,\nCallaghan WM. Anesthesia-related maternal mortality in the United States: 1979-2002. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;117:69\u201374."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b13","series-title":"Br J Anaesth","first-page":"317","article-title":"Effects of the pregnant uterus on the extradural venous plexus in the supine and lateral positions, as determined by magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"78","author":"Hirabayashi Y","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hirabayashi Y,\nShimizu R,\nFukuda H,\nSaitoh K,\nIgarashi T. Effects of the pregnant uterus on the extradural venous plexus in the supine and lateral positions, as determined by magnetic resonance imaging. Br J Anaesth. 1997;78:317\u2013319."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b14","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"1479","article-title":"Management of the pregnant oral and maxillofacial surgery patient","volume":"60","author":"Turner M","year":"2002","unstructured":"Turner M,\nAziz SR. Management of the pregnant oral and maxillofacial surgery patient. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2002;60:1479\u20131488."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b15","series-title":"Breathe (Sheff)","first-page":"297","article-title":"Respiratory physiology of pregnancy: physiology masterclass","volume":"11","author":"LoMauro A","year":"2015","unstructured":"LoMauro A,\nAliverti A. Respiratory physiology of pregnancy: physiology masterclass. Breathe (Sheff). 2015;11:297\u2013301."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b16","series-title":"Obstet Gynecol","first-page":"777","article-title":"nonobstetric surgery during pregnancy: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists","volume":"129","author":"Committee Opinion No. 696","year":"2017","unstructured":"Committee Opinion No. 696: nonobstetric surgery during pregnancy: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Obstet Gynecol. 2017;129:777\u2013778."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b17","series-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol","first-page":"83","article-title":"Effects of general anaesthetics on second messenger systems","volume":"12","author":"Kress HG.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kress HG. Effects of general anaesthetics on second messenger systems. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 1995;12:83\u201397."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b18","series-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol","first-page":"51","article-title":"Volatile anaesthetics: cellular mechanisms of action","volume":"12","author":"Langmoen IA","year":"1995","unstructured":"Langmoen IA,\nLarsen M,\nBerg-Johnsen J. Volatile anaesthetics: cellular mechanisms of action. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 1995;12:51\u201358."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b19","series-title":"Anesthesiology","first-page":"21","article-title":"Mitosis in mammalian cells during exposure to anesthetics","volume":"43","author":"Sturrock JE","year":"1975","unstructured":"Sturrock JE,\nNunn JF. Mitosis in mammalian cells during exposure to anesthetics. Anesthesiology. 1975;43:21\u201333."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b20","series-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol","first-page":"98","article-title":"Food and Drug Administration warning on anesthesia and brain development: implications for obstetric and fetal surgery","volume":"218","author":"Olutoye OA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Olutoye OA,\nBaker BW,\nBelfort MA,\nOlutoye OO. Food and Drug Administration warning on anesthesia and brain development: implications for obstetric and fetal surgery. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018;218:98\u2013102."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b21","series-title":"Aust Fam Physician","first-page":"237","article-title":"The Australian categorisation of risk of drug use in pregnancy","volume":"29","author":"Ritchie H","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ritchie H,\nBolton P. The Australian categorisation of risk of drug use in pregnancy. Aust Fam Physician. 2000;29:237\u2013241."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b22","series-title":"Anesth Analg","first-page":"920","article-title":"A quantitative, systematic review of randomized controlled trials of ephedrine versus phenylephrine for the management of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery","volume":"94","author":"Lee A","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lee A,\nNgan Kee WD,\nGin T. A quantitative, systematic review of randomized controlled trials of ephedrine versus phenylephrine for the management of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesth Analg. 2002;94:920\u2013926."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b23","series-title":"Anesthesiology","first-page":"1582","article-title":"Fetal and maternal effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery","volume":"97","author":"Cooper DW","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cooper DW,\nCarpenter M,\nMowbray P,\nDesira WR,\nRyall DM,\nKokri MS. Fetal and maternal effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology. 2002;97:1582\u20131590."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b24","series-title":"Obstet Gynecol","first-page":"40","article-title":"Appendicitis during pregnancy","volume":"50","author":"Babaknia A","year":"1977","unstructured":"Babaknia A,\nParsa H,\nWoodruff JD. Appendicitis during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 1977;50;1:40\u201344."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b25","series-title":"Br Med J","first-page":"165","article-title":"Laparotomy during pregnancy: an assessment of diagnostic accuracy and fetal wastage","volume":"5872","author":"Saunders P","year":"1973","unstructured":"Saunders P,\nMilton PJ. Laparotomy during pregnancy: an assessment of diagnostic accuracy and fetal wastage. Br Med J. 1973;5872:165\u2013167."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b26","series-title":"Anesth Analg","first-page":"443","article-title":"The effects of volatile anesthetics on spontaneous contractility of isolated human pregnant uterine muscle: a comparison among sevoflurane, desflurane, isoflurane, and halothane","volume":"103","author":"Yoo KY","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yoo KY,\nLee JC,\nYoon MH, et al. The effects of volatile anesthetics on spontaneous contractility of isolated human pregnant uterine muscle: a comparison among sevoflurane, desflurane, isoflurane, and halothane. Anesth Analg. 2006;103:443\u2013447."},{"issue":"7411","key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b27","series-title":"Br Med J","first-page":"368","article-title":"Exposure to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs during pregnancy and risk of miscarriage: population based cohort study","volume":"324","author":"De-Kun L","year":"2003","unstructured":"De-Kun L,\nLiyan L,\nOdouli R. Exposure to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs during pregnancy and risk of miscarriage: population based cohort study. Br Med J. 2003;324;7411:368."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b28","series-title":"Anesth Analg","first-page":"751","article-title":"Gastric emptying of water in obese pregnant women at term","volume":"105","author":"Wong CA","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wong CA,\nMcCarthy RJ,\nFitzgerald PC,\nRaikoff K,\nAvram MJ. Gastric emptying of water in obese pregnant women at term. Anesth Analg. 2007;105:751\u2013755."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b29","series-title":"Evidence\u2010based Obstetric Anesthesia","first-page":"178","article-title":"A rational approach to aspiration prophylaxis","author":"O\u2019Sullivan G","year":"2005","unstructured":"O\u2019Sullivan G,\nHart D,\nShennan A. A rational approach to aspiration prophylaxis. In: \nHalpern SH,\nDouglas MJ, eds. Evidence\u2010based Obstetric Anesthesia. Blackwell Publishing; 2005:178\u2013191."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b30","series-title":"Can J Anaesth","first-page":"748","article-title":"No evidence for decreased incidence of aspiration after rapid sequence induction","volume":"54","author":"Neilipovitz DT","year":"2007","unstructured":"Neilipovitz DT,\nCrosby ET. No evidence for decreased incidence of aspiration after rapid sequence induction. Can J Anaesth. 2007:54:748\u2013764."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-2-104-b31","series-title":"Anesthesiology","first-page":"1096","article-title":"A series of anesthesia-related maternal deaths in Michigan, 1985-2003","volume":"106","author":"Mhyre JM","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mhyre JM,\nRiesner MN,\nPolley LS,\nNaughton NN. A series of anesthesia-related maternal deaths in Michigan, 1985-2003. Anesthesiology. 2007;106:1096\u201310104."}],"container-title":["Anesthesia Progress"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/anesthesiaprogress.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/anpr\/72\/2\/article-p104.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/anesthesiaprogress.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/anpr\/72\/2\/article-p104.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/anesthesiaprogress.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/anpr\/72\/2\/article-p104.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T02:19:54Z","timestamp":1779848394000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/anesthesiaprogress.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/anpr\/72\/2\/article-p104.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2344\/23-0053","relation":{},"ISSN":["1878-7177","0003-3006"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1878-7177","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0003-3006","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}}}