{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T03:02:35Z","timestamp":1779850955027,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"American Dental Society of Anesthesiology (ADSA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate pediatric dental sedation success using patient-centered outcomes overall and for behavior, safety, and treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional study used existing clinical data of children 24 to 60 months of age undergoing first-time sedations (2015\u20132020) at a children\u2019s hospital. Outcomes included behavior success (Frankl score 3\u20134), safety success (vital signs maintained within 2 SDs of age- and sex-based norms), and treatment success. Overall success was defined as success in at least 2 subcategories. Descriptive statistics, bivariate comparisons, and multiple variable logistic regression were performed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In 824 subjects (52.3% female, median age 36 months), overall sedation success was 69.3% (behavior, 49.0%; safety, 79.5%; and treatment, 62.1%). Number of medications (1 vs \u22652) did not affect any outcome measures of success. However, oral vs intranasal midazolam alone had higher behavioral (59.4% vs 44.6%;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001) and safety (85.6% vs 76.1%;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .006) success rates. Age (OR, 95% CI; 1.75, 1.43\u20132.14;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001), male sex (5.53, 1.15\u20132.18;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .01), and cooperative presedation behavior (1.79, 1.27\u20132.53;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .001) significantly increased the odds of overall success.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall sedation success was approximately 69.3%. Combination regimens were not associated with increased measures of success. Older age, male sex, and cooperative presedation behavior all predicted overall success.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2344\/24-0016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T15:26:23Z","timestamp":1772810783000},"page":"3-13","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessing Pediatric Sedation Using Patient-Centered Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.2344","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Kristin D. Sweeney","family":"Marso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA"},{"name":"Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Technology Research and Innovation, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children\u2019s Hospital, Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beau D.","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Technology Research and Innovation, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children\u2019s Hospital, Columbus, OH"},{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH"},{"name":"The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ehsan","family":"Azadani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Technology Research and Innovation, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children\u2019s Hospital, Columbus, OH"},{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH"},{"name":"The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Homa","family":"Amini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Technology Research and Innovation, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children\u2019s Hospital, Columbus, OH"},{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH"},{"name":"The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Casamassimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Technology Research and Innovation, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children\u2019s Hospital, Columbus, OH"},{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH"},{"name":"The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1191","reference":[{"key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b01","series-title":"The Reference Manual of Pediatric Dentistry","first-page":"386","article-title":"Pediatric restorative dentistry","author":"American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry","year":"2019","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Pediatric restorative dentistry. The Reference Manual of Pediatric Dentistry. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry; 2019:386\u2013398."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b02","series-title":"Pediatr Dent","first-page":"33","article-title":"A comparison of restorations for children with early childhood caries treated under general anesthesia or conscious sedation","volume":"22","author":"Eidelman E","year":"2000","unstructured":"Eidelman E,\nFaibis S,\nPeretz B. A comparison of restorations for children with early childhood caries treated under general anesthesia or conscious sedation. Pediatr Dent. 2000;22(1):33\u201337."},{"key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b03","series-title":"The Reference Manual of Pediatric Dentistry","first-page":"292","article-title":"Behavior guidance for the pediatric dental patient","author":"American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry","year":"2020","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Behavior guidance for the pediatric dental patient. The Reference Manual of Pediatric Dentistry. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry; 2020:292\u2013310."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b04","series-title":"Pediatr Dent","first-page":"E26","article-title":"Guidelines for monitoring and management of pediatric patients before, during, and after sedation for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures","volume":"41","author":"Cot\u00e9 CJ","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cot\u00e9 CJ,\nWilson S. Guidelines for monitoring and management of pediatric patients before, during, and after sedation for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Pediatr Dent. 2019;41(4):E26\u2013E52."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b05","series-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","first-page":"CD003877","article-title":"Sedation of children undergoing dental treatment","volume":"2018","author":"Ashley PF","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ashley PF,\nChaudhary M,\nLouren\u00e7o-Matharu L. Sedation of children undergoing dental treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;2018(12):CD003877."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b06","series-title":"Pediatr Dent","first-page":"33","article-title":"Denial of operating room access for pediatric dental treatment: a national survey","volume":"43","author":"Vo AT","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vo AT,\nCasamassimo PS,\nPeng J,\nAmini H,\nLitch CS,\nHammersmith K. Denial of operating room access for pediatric dental treatment: a national survey. Pediatr Dent. 2021;43(1):33\u201341."},{"key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b07","series-title":"The Reference Manual of Pediatric Dentistry","first-page":"127","article-title":"Policy on hospitalization and operating room access for oral care of infants, children, adolescents, and individuals with special health care needs","volume":"40","author":"American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry","year":"2020","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Policy on hospitalization and operating room access for oral care of infants, children, adolescents, and individuals with special health care needs. The Reference Manual of Pediatric Dentistry. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry; 2020;40(6):127\u2013128."},{"key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b08","series-title":"UpToDate","article-title":"Procedural sedation in children outside of the operating room","author":"Cravero JP","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cravero JP,\nRoback MG,\nRandojoulph AG,\nStack AM,\nWiley JF. Procedural sedation in children outside of the operating room. UpToDate. Published online 2021. Accessed October 22, 2020. https:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/procedural-sedation-in-children-outside-of-the-operating-room887UH"},{"issue":"4","key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b09","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"e20172344","article-title":"Concerns regarding the single operator model of sedation in young children","volume":"141","author":"Agarwal R","year":"2018","unstructured":"Agarwal R,\nKaplan A,\nBrown R,\nCot\u00e9 CJ. Concerns regarding the single operator model of sedation in young children. Pediatrics. 2018;141(4):e20172344."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b10","series-title":"J Am Dent Assoc","first-page":"705","article-title":"How safe is deep sedation or general anesthesia while providing dental care","volume":"146","author":"Bennett JD","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bennett JD,\nKramer KJ,\nBosack RC. How safe is deep sedation or general anesthesia while providing dental care? J Am Dent Assoc. 2015;146(9):705\u2013708."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b11","series-title":"Pediatr Dent","first-page":"231","article-title":"Adverse events during pediatric dental anesthesia and sedation: a review of closed malpractice insurance claims","volume":"34","author":"Chicka MC","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chicka MC,\nDembo JB,\nMathu-Muju KR,\nNash DA,\nBush HM. Adverse events during pediatric dental anesthesia and sedation: a review of closed malpractice insurance claims. Pediatr Dent. 2012;34(3):231\u2013238."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b12","series-title":"Anesth Prog","first-page":"91","article-title":"Oral sedation postdischarge adverse events in pediatric dental patients","volume":"62","author":"Huang A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Huang A,\nTanbonliong T. Oral sedation postdischarge adverse events in pediatric dental patients. Anesth Prog. 2015;62(3):91\u201399."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b13","series-title":"Paediatr Anaesth","first-page":"741","article-title":"Trends in death associated with pediatric dental sedation and general anesthesia","volume":"23","author":"Lee HH","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lee HH,\nMilgrom P,\nStarks H,\nBurke W. Trends in death associated with pediatric dental sedation and general anesthesia. Paediatr Anaesth. 2013;23(8):741\u2013746."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b14","series-title":"Anesth Analg","first-page":"1146","article-title":"Evaluating patient-centered outcomes in clinical trials of procedural sedation, part 2 Safety","volume":"127","author":"Ward DS","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ward DS,\nWilliams MR,\nBerkenbosch JW, et al. Evaluating patient-centered outcomes in clinical trials of procedural sedation, part 2 Safety. Anesth Analg. 2018;127(5):1146\u20131154."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b15","series-title":"Pediatr Dent","first-page":"346","article-title":"A retrospective study of dosing weight and outcomes for one pediatric dental sedation regimen","volume":"40","author":"Olacke B","year":"2018","unstructured":"Olacke B,\nNelson T,\nSarvas E,\nScott JM. A retrospective study of dosing weight and outcomes for one pediatric dental sedation regimen. Pediatr Dent. 2018;40(5):346\u2013351."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b16","series-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol","first-page":"336","article-title":"The effects of temperament and behaviour problems on sedation failure in anxious children after midazolam premedication","volume":"27","author":"Isik B","year":"2010","unstructured":"Isik B,\nBaygin O,\nKapci EG,\nBodur H. The effects of temperament and behaviour problems on sedation failure in anxious children after midazolam premedication. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2010;27(4):336\u2013340."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b17","series-title":"Pediatr Dent","first-page":"429","article-title":"Assessing temperament as a predictor of oral sedation success using the Children\u2019s Behavior Questionnaire Short Form","volume":"37","author":"Lane KJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lane KJ,\nNelson TM,\nThikkurissy S,\nScott JM. Assessing temperament as a predictor of oral sedation success using the Children\u2019s Behavior Questionnaire Short Form. Pediatr Dent. 2015;37(5):429\u2013435."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b18","series-title":"Pediatr Dent","first-page":"348","article-title":"Temperament as a predictor of behavior for conscious sedation in dentistry","volume":"15","author":"Lochary M","year":"1993","unstructured":"Lochary M,\nWilson S,\nGriffen A,\nCoury D. Temperament as a predictor of behavior for conscious sedation in dentistry. Pediatr Dent. 1993;15(5):348\u2013352."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b19","series-title":"J Clin Pediatr Dent","first-page":"461","article-title":"Oxygen saturation and pulse rate change in children during sedation with oral midazolam and nitrous oxide","volume":"42","author":"Blumer S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Blumer S,\nIraqi R,\nBercovich R,\nPeretz B. Oxygen saturation and pulse rate change in children during sedation with oral midazolam and nitrous oxide. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2018;42(6):461\u2013464."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b20","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"20162897","article-title":"Validation of the pediatric sedation state scale","volume":"139","author":"Cravero JP","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cravero JP,\nAskins N,\nSriswasdi P,\nTsze DS,\nZurakowski D,\nSinnott S. Validation of the pediatric sedation state scale. Pediatrics. 2017;139(5):20162897."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b21","series-title":"Pediatr Dent","first-page":"457","article-title":"Effectiveness of intranasal dexmedetomidine with nitrous oxide compared to other pediatric dental sedation drug regimens","volume":"43","author":"Unkel JH","year":"2021","unstructured":"Unkel JH,\nBerry EJ,\nKo BL, et al. Effectiveness of intranasal dexmedetomidine with nitrous oxide compared to other pediatric dental sedation drug regimens. Pediatr Dent. 2021;43(6):457\u2013462."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b22","series-title":"Anesth Prog","first-page":"66","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of 3 pediatric midazolam moderate sedation regimens","volume":"64","author":"Gentz R","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gentz R,\nCasamassimo P,\nAmini H,\nClaman D,\nSmiley M. Safety and efficacy of 3 pediatric midazolam moderate sedation regimens. Anesth Prog. 2017;64(2):66\u201372."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b23","series-title":"Int J Paediatr Dent","first-page":"87","article-title":"An evaluation of four methods of assessing the behaviour of anxious child dental patients","volume":"5","author":"Hosey M","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hosey M,\nBlinkhorn A. An evaluation of four methods of assessing the behaviour of anxious child dental patients. Int J Paediatr Dent. 1995;5(2):87\u201395."},{"key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b24","series-title":"Clin Cosmet Investig Dent","first-page":"97","article-title":"Pediatric dental sedation: challenges and opportunities","volume":"7","author":"Nelson TM","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nelson TM,\nXu Z. Pediatric dental sedation: challenges and opportunities. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent. 2015;7:97."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b25","series-title":"Anesth Analg","first-page":"956","article-title":"Efficacy outcome measures for procedural sedation clinical trials in adults: an ACTTION systematic review","volume":"122","author":"Williams MR","year":"2016","unstructured":"Williams MR,\nMcKeown A,\nDexter F, et al. Efficacy outcome measures for procedural sedation clinical trials in adults: an ACTTION systematic review. Anesth Analg. 2016;122(3):956\u2013967."},{"issue":"4 I","key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b26","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"633","article-title":"Adverse sedation events in pediatrics: analysis of medications used for sedation","volume":"106","author":"Cot\u00e9 CJ","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cot\u00e9 CJ,\nKarl HW,\nNotterman DA,\nWeinberg JA,\nMcCloskey C. Adverse sedation events in pediatrics: analysis of medications used for sedation. Pediatrics. 2000;106(4 I):633\u2013644."},{"issue":"246","key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b27","series-title":"Vital Health Stat","article-title":"Vital and health statistics, series 11, No. 246 (5\/2002)\u2013updated June 30, 2010","volume":"11","author":"Sondik EJ","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sondik EJ,\nAnderson JR,\nAnderson JR, et al. Vital and health statistics, series 11, No. 246 (5\/2002)\u2013updated June 30, 2010. Vital Health Stat. 2002;11(246)."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b28","series-title":"Anaesthesia","first-page":"487","article-title":"Difficult tracheal intubation: a retrospective study","volume":"42","author":"Samsoon GLT","year":"1987","unstructured":"Samsoon GLT,\nYoung JRB. Difficult tracheal intubation: a retrospective study. Anaesthesia. 1987;42(5):487\u2013490."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b29","series-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am","first-page":"1551","article-title":"Modern assessment of tonsils and adenoids","volume":"36","author":"Brodsky L.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Brodsky L. Modern assessment of tonsils and adenoids. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1989;36(6):1551\u20131569."},{"key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b30","article-title":"Statement on ASA Physical Status Classification System","author":"ASA Committee on Economics","year":"2020","unstructured":"ASA Committee on Economics. Statement on ASA Physical Status Classification System. Published online 2020. Accessed October 10, 2023. https:\/\/www.asahq.org\/standards-and-practice-parameters\/statement-on-asa-physical-status-classification-system"},{"key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b31","author":"D9248 Dental Code","unstructured":"D9248 Dental Code. Accessed September 2, 2023. https:\/\/www.cdt-codes.com\/d9248-dental-code\/"},{"key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b32","article-title":"Mental, Behavioral and Neurodevelopmental disorders","author":"2023 ICD-10-CM Codes F01-F99","unstructured":"2023 ICD-10-CM Codes F01-F99: Mental, Behavioral and Neurodevelopmental disorders. Accessed September 2, 2023. https:\/\/www.icd10data.com\/ICD10CM\/Codes\/F01-F99"},{"key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b33","series-title":"J Dent Child","first-page":"150","article-title":"FH. Should the parent remain with the child in the dental operatory","volume":"29","author":"Frankl SN","year":"1962","unstructured":"Frankl SN,\nShiere FR FH. Should the parent remain with the child in the dental operatory? J Dent Child. 1962;29:150\u2013163."},{"key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b34","series-title":"Front Pediatr","first-page":"138","article-title":"How should oxygen supplementation be guided by pulse oximetry in children: do we know the level","volume":"4","author":"Langley R","year":"2016","unstructured":"Langley R,\nCunningham S. How should oxygen supplementation be guided by pulse oximetry in children: do we know the level? Front Pediatr. 2016;4:138."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b35","series-title":"Pediatr Dent","first-page":"41","article-title":"Comparison of chloral hydrate with and without promethazine in the sedation of young children","volume":"7","author":"Houpt MI","year":"1985","unstructured":"Houpt MI,\nWeiss NJ,\nKoenigsberg SR,\nDesjardins PJ. Comparison of chloral hydrate with and without promethazine in the sedation of young children. Pediatr Dent. 1985;7(1):41\u201346."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b36","series-title":"Contemp Clin Dent","first-page":"105","article-title":"Sedative and behavioral effects of intranasal midazolam in comparison with other administrative routes in children undergoing dental treatment - a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Preethy NA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Preethy NA,\nSomasundaram S. Sedative and behavioral effects of intranasal midazolam in comparison with other administrative routes in children undergoing dental treatment - a systematic review. Contemp Clin Dent. 2021;12(2):105\u2013120."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b37","series-title":"Pediatr Dent","first-page":"424","article-title":"Conscious sedation of pediatric dental patients using chloral hydrate, hydroxyzine, and nitrous oxide\u2013a retrospective study of 382 sedations","volume":"17","author":"Needleman HL","year":"1995","unstructured":"Needleman HL,\nJoshi A,\nGriffith DG. Conscious sedation of pediatric dental patients using chloral hydrate, hydroxyzine, and nitrous oxide\u2013a retrospective study of 382 sedations. Pediatr Dent. 1995;17(7):424\u2013431."},{"key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b01","series-title":"The Reference Manual of Pediatric Dentistry","first-page":"386","article-title":"Pediatric restorative dentistry","author":"American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry","year":"2019","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Pediatric restorative dentistry. The Reference Manual of Pediatric Dentistry. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry; 2019:386\u2013398."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b02","series-title":"Pediatr Dent","first-page":"33","article-title":"A comparison of restorations for children with early childhood caries treated under general anesthesia or conscious sedation","volume":"22","author":"Eidelman E","year":"2000","unstructured":"Eidelman E,\nFaibis S,\nPeretz B. A comparison of restorations for children with early childhood caries treated under general anesthesia or conscious sedation. Pediatr Dent. 2000;22(1):33\u201337."},{"key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b03","series-title":"The Reference Manual of Pediatric Dentistry","first-page":"292","article-title":"Behavior guidance for the pediatric dental patient","author":"American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry","year":"2020","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Behavior guidance for the pediatric dental patient. The Reference Manual of Pediatric Dentistry. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry; 2020:292\u2013310."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b04","series-title":"Pediatr Dent","first-page":"E26","article-title":"Guidelines for monitoring and management of pediatric patients before, during, and after sedation for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures","volume":"41","author":"Cot\u00e9 CJ","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cot\u00e9 CJ,\nWilson S. Guidelines for monitoring and management of pediatric patients before, during, and after sedation for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Pediatr Dent. 2019;41(4):E26\u2013E52."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b05","series-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","first-page":"CD003877","article-title":"Sedation of children undergoing dental treatment","volume":"2018","author":"Ashley PF","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ashley PF,\nChaudhary M,\nLouren\u00e7o-Matharu L. Sedation of children undergoing dental treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;2018(12):CD003877."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b06","series-title":"Pediatr Dent","first-page":"33","article-title":"Denial of operating room access for pediatric dental treatment: a national survey","volume":"43","author":"Vo AT","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vo AT,\nCasamassimo PS,\nPeng J,\nAmini H,\nLitch CS,\nHammersmith K. Denial of operating room access for pediatric dental treatment: a national survey. Pediatr Dent. 2021;43(1):33\u201341."},{"key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b07","series-title":"The Reference Manual of Pediatric Dentistry","first-page":"127","article-title":"Policy on hospitalization and operating room access for oral care of infants, children, adolescents, and individuals with special health care needs","volume":"40","author":"American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry","year":"2020","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Policy on hospitalization and operating room access for oral care of infants, children, adolescents, and individuals with special health care needs. The Reference Manual of Pediatric Dentistry. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry; 2020;40(6):127\u2013128."},{"key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b08","series-title":"UpToDate","article-title":"Procedural sedation in children outside of the operating room","author":"Cravero JP","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cravero JP,\nRoback MG,\nRandojoulph AG,\nStack AM,\nWiley JF. Procedural sedation in children outside of the operating room. UpToDate. Published online 2021. Accessed October 22, 2020. https:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/procedural-sedation-in-children-outside-of-the-operating-room887UH"},{"issue":"4","key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b09","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"e20172344","article-title":"Concerns regarding the single operator model of sedation in young children","volume":"141","author":"Agarwal R","year":"2018","unstructured":"Agarwal R,\nKaplan A,\nBrown R,\nCot\u00e9 CJ. Concerns regarding the single operator model of sedation in young children. Pediatrics. 2018;141(4):e20172344."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b10","series-title":"J Am Dent Assoc","first-page":"705","article-title":"How safe is deep sedation or general anesthesia while providing dental care","volume":"146","author":"Bennett JD","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bennett JD,\nKramer KJ,\nBosack RC. How safe is deep sedation or general anesthesia while providing dental care? J Am Dent Assoc. 2015;146(9):705\u2013708."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b11","series-title":"Pediatr Dent","first-page":"231","article-title":"Adverse events during pediatric dental anesthesia and sedation: a review of closed malpractice insurance claims","volume":"34","author":"Chicka MC","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chicka MC,\nDembo JB,\nMathu-Muju KR,\nNash DA,\nBush HM. Adverse events during pediatric dental anesthesia and sedation: a review of closed malpractice insurance claims. Pediatr Dent. 2012;34(3):231\u2013238."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b12","series-title":"Anesth Prog","first-page":"91","article-title":"Oral sedation postdischarge adverse events in pediatric dental patients","volume":"62","author":"Huang A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Huang A,\nTanbonliong T. Oral sedation postdischarge adverse events in pediatric dental patients. Anesth Prog. 2015;62(3):91\u201399."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b13","series-title":"Paediatr Anaesth","first-page":"741","article-title":"Trends in death associated with pediatric dental sedation and general anesthesia","volume":"23","author":"Lee HH","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lee HH,\nMilgrom P,\nStarks H,\nBurke W. Trends in death associated with pediatric dental sedation and general anesthesia. Paediatr Anaesth. 2013;23(8):741\u2013746."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b14","series-title":"Anesth Analg","first-page":"1146","article-title":"Evaluating patient-centered outcomes in clinical trials of procedural sedation, part 2 Safety","volume":"127","author":"Ward DS","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ward DS,\nWilliams MR,\nBerkenbosch JW, et al. Evaluating patient-centered outcomes in clinical trials of procedural sedation, part 2 Safety. Anesth Analg. 2018;127(5):1146\u20131154."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b15","series-title":"Pediatr Dent","first-page":"346","article-title":"A retrospective study of dosing weight and outcomes for one pediatric dental sedation regimen","volume":"40","author":"Olacke B","year":"2018","unstructured":"Olacke B,\nNelson T,\nSarvas E,\nScott JM. A retrospective study of dosing weight and outcomes for one pediatric dental sedation regimen. Pediatr Dent. 2018;40(5):346\u2013351."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b16","series-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol","first-page":"336","article-title":"The effects of temperament and behaviour problems on sedation failure in anxious children after midazolam premedication","volume":"27","author":"Isik B","year":"2010","unstructured":"Isik B,\nBaygin O,\nKapci EG,\nBodur H. The effects of temperament and behaviour problems on sedation failure in anxious children after midazolam premedication. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2010;27(4):336\u2013340."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b17","series-title":"Pediatr Dent","first-page":"429","article-title":"Assessing temperament as a predictor of oral sedation success using the Children\u2019s Behavior Questionnaire Short Form","volume":"37","author":"Lane KJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lane KJ,\nNelson TM,\nThikkurissy S,\nScott JM. Assessing temperament as a predictor of oral sedation success using the Children\u2019s Behavior Questionnaire Short Form. Pediatr Dent. 2015;37(5):429\u2013435."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b18","series-title":"Pediatr Dent","first-page":"348","article-title":"Temperament as a predictor of behavior for conscious sedation in dentistry","volume":"15","author":"Lochary M","year":"1993","unstructured":"Lochary M,\nWilson S,\nGriffen A,\nCoury D. Temperament as a predictor of behavior for conscious sedation in dentistry. Pediatr Dent. 1993;15(5):348\u2013352."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b19","series-title":"J Clin Pediatr Dent","first-page":"461","article-title":"Oxygen saturation and pulse rate change in children during sedation with oral midazolam and nitrous oxide","volume":"42","author":"Blumer S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Blumer S,\nIraqi R,\nBercovich R,\nPeretz B. Oxygen saturation and pulse rate change in children during sedation with oral midazolam and nitrous oxide. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2018;42(6):461\u2013464."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b20","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"20162897","article-title":"Validation of the pediatric sedation state scale","volume":"139","author":"Cravero JP","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cravero JP,\nAskins N,\nSriswasdi P,\nTsze DS,\nZurakowski D,\nSinnott S. Validation of the pediatric sedation state scale. Pediatrics. 2017;139(5):20162897."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b21","series-title":"Pediatr Dent","first-page":"457","article-title":"Effectiveness of intranasal dexmedetomidine with nitrous oxide compared to other pediatric dental sedation drug regimens","volume":"43","author":"Unkel JH","year":"2021","unstructured":"Unkel JH,\nBerry EJ,\nKo BL, et al. Effectiveness of intranasal dexmedetomidine with nitrous oxide compared to other pediatric dental sedation drug regimens. Pediatr Dent. 2021;43(6):457\u2013462."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b22","series-title":"Anesth Prog","first-page":"66","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of 3 pediatric midazolam moderate sedation regimens","volume":"64","author":"Gentz R","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gentz R,\nCasamassimo P,\nAmini H,\nClaman D,\nSmiley M. Safety and efficacy of 3 pediatric midazolam moderate sedation regimens. Anesth Prog. 2017;64(2):66\u201372."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b23","series-title":"Int J Paediatr Dent","first-page":"87","article-title":"An evaluation of four methods of assessing the behaviour of anxious child dental patients","volume":"5","author":"Hosey M","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hosey M,\nBlinkhorn A. An evaluation of four methods of assessing the behaviour of anxious child dental patients. Int J Paediatr Dent. 1995;5(2):87\u201395."},{"key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b24","series-title":"Clin Cosmet Investig Dent","first-page":"97","article-title":"Pediatric dental sedation: challenges and opportunities","volume":"7","author":"Nelson TM","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nelson TM,\nXu Z. Pediatric dental sedation: challenges and opportunities. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent. 2015;7:97."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b25","series-title":"Anesth Analg","first-page":"956","article-title":"Efficacy outcome measures for procedural sedation clinical trials in adults: an ACTTION systematic review","volume":"122","author":"Williams MR","year":"2016","unstructured":"Williams MR,\nMcKeown A,\nDexter F, et al. Efficacy outcome measures for procedural sedation clinical trials in adults: an ACTTION systematic review. Anesth Analg. 2016;122(3):956\u2013967."},{"issue":"4 I","key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b26","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"633","article-title":"Adverse sedation events in pediatrics: analysis of medications used for sedation","volume":"106","author":"Cot\u00e9 CJ","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cot\u00e9 CJ,\nKarl HW,\nNotterman DA,\nWeinberg JA,\nMcCloskey C. Adverse sedation events in pediatrics: analysis of medications used for sedation. Pediatrics. 2000;106(4 I):633\u2013644."},{"issue":"246","key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b27","series-title":"Vital Health Stat","article-title":"Vital and health statistics, series 11, No. 246 (5\/2002)\u2013updated June 30, 2010","volume":"11","author":"Sondik EJ","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sondik EJ,\nAnderson JR,\nAnderson JR, et al. Vital and health statistics, series 11, No. 246 (5\/2002)\u2013updated June 30, 2010. Vital Health Stat. 2002;11(246)."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b28","series-title":"Anaesthesia","first-page":"487","article-title":"Difficult tracheal intubation: a retrospective study","volume":"42","author":"Samsoon GLT","year":"1987","unstructured":"Samsoon GLT,\nYoung JRB. Difficult tracheal intubation: a retrospective study. Anaesthesia. 1987;42(5):487\u2013490."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b29","series-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am","first-page":"1551","article-title":"Modern assessment of tonsils and adenoids","volume":"36","author":"Brodsky L.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Brodsky L. Modern assessment of tonsils and adenoids. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1989;36(6):1551\u20131569."},{"key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b30","article-title":"Statement on ASA Physical Status Classification System","author":"ASA Committee on Economics","year":"2020","unstructured":"ASA Committee on Economics. Statement on ASA Physical Status Classification System. Published online 2020. Accessed October 10, 2023. https:\/\/www.asahq.org\/standards-and-practice-parameters\/statement-on-asa-physical-status-classification-system"},{"key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b31","author":"D9248 Dental Code","unstructured":"D9248 Dental Code. Accessed September 2, 2023. https:\/\/www.cdt-codes.com\/d9248-dental-code\/"},{"key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b32","article-title":"Mental, Behavioral and Neurodevelopmental disorders","author":"2023 ICD-10-CM Codes F01-F99","unstructured":"2023 ICD-10-CM Codes F01-F99: Mental, Behavioral and Neurodevelopmental disorders. Accessed September 2, 2023. https:\/\/www.icd10data.com\/ICD10CM\/Codes\/F01-F99"},{"key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b33","series-title":"J Dent Child","first-page":"150","article-title":"FH. Should the parent remain with the child in the dental operatory","volume":"29","author":"Frankl SN","year":"1962","unstructured":"Frankl SN,\nShiere FR FH. Should the parent remain with the child in the dental operatory? J Dent Child. 1962;29:150\u2013163."},{"key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b34","series-title":"Front Pediatr","first-page":"138","article-title":"How should oxygen supplementation be guided by pulse oximetry in children: do we know the level","volume":"4","author":"Langley R","year":"2016","unstructured":"Langley R,\nCunningham S. How should oxygen supplementation be guided by pulse oximetry in children: do we know the level? Front Pediatr. 2016;4:138."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b35","series-title":"Pediatr Dent","first-page":"41","article-title":"Comparison of chloral hydrate with and without promethazine in the sedation of young children","volume":"7","author":"Houpt MI","year":"1985","unstructured":"Houpt MI,\nWeiss NJ,\nKoenigsberg SR,\nDesjardins PJ. Comparison of chloral hydrate with and without promethazine in the sedation of young children. Pediatr Dent. 1985;7(1):41\u201346."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b36","series-title":"Contemp Clin Dent","first-page":"105","article-title":"Sedative and behavioral effects of intranasal midazolam in comparison with other administrative routes in children undergoing dental treatment - a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Preethy NA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Preethy NA,\nSomasundaram S. Sedative and behavioral effects of intranasal midazolam in comparison with other administrative routes in children undergoing dental treatment - a systematic review. Contemp Clin Dent. 2021;12(2):105\u2013120."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1878-7177-73-1-3-b37","series-title":"Pediatr Dent","first-page":"424","article-title":"Conscious sedation of pediatric dental patients using chloral hydrate, hydroxyzine, and nitrous oxide\u2013a retrospective study of 382 sedations","volume":"17","author":"Needleman HL","year":"1995","unstructured":"Needleman HL,\nJoshi A,\nGriffith DG. Conscious sedation of pediatric dental patients using chloral hydrate, hydroxyzine, and nitrous oxide\u2013a retrospective study of 382 sedations. Pediatr Dent. 1995;17(7):424\u2013431."}],"container-title":["Anesthesia Progress"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/anesthesiaprogress.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/anpr\/73\/1\/article-p3.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/anesthesiaprogress.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/anpr\/73\/1\/article-p3.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/anesthesiaprogress.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/anpr\/73\/1\/article-p3.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T02:20:34Z","timestamp":1779848434000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/anesthesiaprogress.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/anpr\/73\/1\/article-p3.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2344\/24-0016","relation":{},"ISSN":["1878-7177","0003-3006"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1878-7177","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0003-3006","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}}}