{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T03:02:36Z","timestamp":1779850956772,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"American Dental Society of Anesthesiology (ADSA)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Anxious patients report more pain during endodontic therapy. This clinical trial aimed to assess the effect of etizolam vs music distraction on inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) success in patients with high dental anxiety and symptomatic irreversible pulpitis in a mandibular molar.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 110 patients participated in this randomized clinical trial. Preoperative anxiety was assessed using the Modified Corah Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS). Patients were randomly allocated to a placebo, etizolam, or music distraction (MD) group. Patients in the placebo and etizolam groups consumed either a placebo or etizolam (0.5 mg), respectively, 1 hour before local anesthesia delivery. Patients in the MD group listened to their self-selected music via headphones throughout the visit. All patients received a standard IANB with 2% lidocaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine. Intraoperative pain levels were assessed using the Heft Parker visual analogue scale (HP-VAS). No or mild pain (0\u201354 mm on HP-VAS) was counted as success, whereas moderate to severe pain (55\u2013170 mm) during endodontic procedure was considered as IANB failure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      \u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      test revealed that patients in the MD group exhibited significantly higher local anesthetic success compared to the other 2 groups (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .01). No significant difference was found in IANB success between the placebo and etizolam groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>IANB success was significantly higher in patients who listened to music during endodontic therapy than in patients who received etizolam or placebo.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2344\/24-0028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T11:10:04Z","timestamp":1765365004000},"page":"224-231","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparing Etizolam and Music Distraction on Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block Success in Patients With Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis: A Randomized Clinical Trial"],"prefix":"10.2344","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Rakesh","family":"Singla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Jan Nayak Chaudhary Devi Lal Dental College, Sirsa (Haryana), India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gurdeep Singh","family":"Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Jan Nayak Chaudhary Devi Lal Dental College, Sirsa (Haryana), India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Himani","family":"Sheoran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private practitioner, Gurugram, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Namita","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Jan Nayak Chaudhary Devi Lal Dental College, Sirsa (Haryana), India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suraj","family":"Arora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1191","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b01","series-title":"Endod Topics","first-page":"26","article-title":"Local anesthetic failure in endodontics: mechanisms and management","volume":"1","author":"Hargreaves KM,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hargreaves KM,\nKeiser K. Local anesthetic failure in endodontics: mechanisms and management. Endod Topics. 2002;1(1):26\u201339."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b02","series-title":"Saud Med J","first-page":"84","article-title":"Failure rate of inferior alveolar nerve block among dental students and interns","volume":"37","author":"AlHindi M,","year":"2016","unstructured":"AlHindi M,\nRashed B,\nAlOtaibi N. Failure rate of inferior alveolar nerve block among dental students and interns. Saud Med J. 2016;37(1):84."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b03","series-title":"Eur J Mol Clin Med","first-page":"1266","article-title":"Failure of inferior alveolar nerve block and how to overcome it. A review","volume":"7","author":"Subbiya A,","year":"2020","unstructured":"Subbiya A,\nVikash R,\nAnuradha B,\nMitthra S. Failure of inferior alveolar nerve block and how to overcome it. A review. Eur J Mol Clin Med. 2020;7(5):1266\u20131269."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b04","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"153","article-title":"Association between anxiety and pain in dental treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"296","author":"Lin CS,","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lin CS,\nWu SY,\nYi CA. Association between anxiety and pain in dental treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dent Res. 2017;296(2):153\u2013162."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b05","series-title":"J Endod","first-page":"1726","article-title":"Anxiety related to nonsurgical root canal treatment: a systematic review","volume":"42","author":"Khan S,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Khan S,\nHamedy R,\nLei Y,\nOgawa RS,\nWhite SN. Anxiety related to nonsurgical root canal treatment: a systematic review. J Endod. 2016;42(12):1726\u20131736."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b06","series-title":"Int Endod J","first-page":"447","article-title":"Association between dental anxiety and intraoperative pain during root canal treatment: a cross\u2010sectional study","volume":"53","author":"Murillo\u2010Ben\u00edtez M,","year":"2020","unstructured":"Murillo\u2010Ben\u00edtez M,\nMart\u00edn\u2010Gonz\u00e1lez J,\nJim\u00e9nez\u2010S\u00e1nchez MC,\nCabanillas\u2010Balsera D,\nVelasco\u2010Ortega E,\nSegura\u2010Egea JJ. Association between dental anxiety and intraoperative pain during root canal treatment: a cross\u2010sectional study. Int Endod J. 2020;53(4):447\u2013454."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b07","series-title":"BMC Oral Health","first-page":"6","article-title":"The prevalence of dental anxiety and its association with pain and other variables among adult patients with irreversible pulpitis","volume":"18","author":"Dou L,","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dou L,\nVanschaayk MM,\nZhang Y,\nFu X,\nJi P,\nYang D. The prevalence of dental anxiety and its association with pain and other variables among adult patients with irreversible pulpitis. BMC Oral Health. 2018;18:1\u20136."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b08","series-title":"Clin Cosm Investig Dent","first-page":"35","article-title":"Strategies to manage patients with dental anxiety and dental phobia: literature review","volume":"8","author":"Appukuttan DP.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Appukuttan DP. Strategies to manage patients with dental anxiety and dental phobia: literature review. Clin Cosm Investig Dent. 2016;8:35\u201350."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b09","series-title":"J Conserv Dent","first-page":"356","article-title":"Evaluation of the efficacy of nitrous oxide inhalation sedation on anxiety and pain levels of patients undergoing endodontic treatment in a vital tooth: A prospective randomized controlled trial","volume":"22","author":"Gupta PD,","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gupta PD,\nMahajan P,\nMonga P,\nThaman D,\nKhinda VIS,\nGupta A. Evaluation of the efficacy of nitrous oxide inhalation sedation on anxiety and pain levels of patients undergoing endodontic treatment in a vital tooth: A prospective randomized controlled trial. J Conserv Dent. 2019;22(4):356\u2013361."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b10","series-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Path Oral Radio Endodod","first-page":"119","article-title":"Comparison of sublingually and orally administered triazolam for premedication before oral surgery","volume":"84","author":"Berthold CW,","year":"1997","unstructured":"Berthold CW,\nDionne RA,\nCorey SE. Comparison of sublingually and orally administered triazolam for premedication before oral surgery. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Path Oral Radio Endodod. 1997;84(2):119\u2013124."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b11","series-title":"Adv Environ Biol","first-page":"971","article-title":"Effect of chlordiazepoxide and oxazepam on the success rate of mandibular nerve block anesthesia: a randomized double blind control trial","volume":"20","author":"Nazari H,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nazari H,\nNazari H,\nSharifi R,\nDaneshvar M,\nAkbari A. Effect of chlordiazepoxide and oxazepam on the success rate of mandibular nerve block anesthesia: a randomized double blind control trial. Adv Environ Biol. 2014;20:971\u2013976."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b12","series-title":"J Endod","first-page":"181","article-title":"Comparison of triazolam, diazepam, and placebo as outpatient oral premedication for endodontic patients","volume":"23","author":"Ehrich DG,","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ehrich DG,\nLundgren JP,\nDionne RA,\nNicoll BK,\nHutter JW. Comparison of triazolam, diazepam, and placebo as outpatient oral premedication for endodontic patients. J Endod.1997;23(3):181\u2013184."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b13","series-title":"J Endod","first-page":"1337","article-title":"Effect of preoperative alprazolam on the success of inferior alveolar nerve block for teeth with irreversible pulpitis","volume":"38","author":"Khademi AA,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Khademi AA,\nSaatchi M,\nMinaiyan M,\nRostamizadeh N,\nSharafi F. Effect of preoperative alprazolam on the success of inferior alveolar nerve block for teeth with irreversible pulpitis. J Endod. 2012;38(10):1337\u20131339."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b14","series-title":"J Endod","first-page":"1167","article-title":"Effect of sublingual triazolam on the success of inferior alveolar nerve block in patients with irreversible pulpitis","volume":"34","author":"Lindemann M,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lindemann M,\nReader A,\nNusstein J,\nDrum M,\nBeck M. Effect of sublingual triazolam on the success of inferior alveolar nerve block in patients with irreversible pulpitis. J Endod. 2008;34(10):1167\u20131170."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b15","series-title":"J Conserv Dent","first-page":"390","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of effect of preoperative alprazolam and diclofenac potassium on the success of inferior alveolar, Vazirani-Akinosi, and Gow-Gates techniques for teeth with irreversible pulpitis: randomized controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"Shetkar P,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shetkar P,\nJadhav GR,\nMittal P, et al. Comparative evaluation of effect of preoperative alprazolam and diclofenac potassium on the success of inferior alveolar, Vazirani-Akinosi, and Gow-Gates techniques for teeth with irreversible pulpitis: randomized controlled trial. J Conserv Dent. 2016;19(5):390."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b16","series-title":"Arzneimittelforschung","first-page":"88","article-title":"Molecular and neurochemical evaluation of the effects of etizolam on GABA receptors under normal and stress conditions","volume":"49","author":"Sanna E,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sanna E,\nPau D,\nTuveri F, et al. Molecular and neurochemical evaluation of the effects of etizolam on GABA receptors under normal and stress conditions. Arzneimittelforschung 1999;49(2):88\u201395."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b17","series-title":"Forensic Sci Int","first-page":"137","article-title":"Is etizolam a safe medication? Effects on psychomotor performance at therapeutic dosages of a newly abused psychoactive substance","volume":"301","author":"Busard\u00f2 FP,","year":"2019","unstructured":"Busard\u00f2 FP,\nDi Trana A,\nMontanari E,\nMauloni S,\nTagliabracci A,\nGiorgetti R. Is etizolam a safe medication? Effects on psychomotor performance at therapeutic dosages of a newly abused psychoactive substance. Forensic Sci Int. 2019;301:137\u2013141."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b18","article-title":"Etizolam","unstructured":"Etizolam. Accessed January 21, 2025. www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov\/drug_chem_info\/etizolam.pdf"},{"issue":"3","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b19","series-title":"J Am Dent Assoc","first-page":"317","article-title":"Brief relaxation versus music distraction in the treatment of dental anxiety: a randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"139","author":"Lahmann C,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lahmann C,\nSchoen R,\nHenningsen P, et al. Brief relaxation versus music distraction in the treatment of dental anxiety: a randomized controlled clinical trial. J Am Dent Assoc. 2008;139(3):317\u2013324."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b20","series-title":"J Endod","first-page":"1338","article-title":"Influences of 432 Hz music on the perception of anxiety during endodontic treatment: a randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"42","author":"Di Nasso L,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Di Nasso L,\nNizzardo A,\nPace R,\nPierleoni F,\nPagavino G,\nGiuliani V. Influences of 432 Hz music on the perception of anxiety during endodontic treatment: a randomized controlled clinical trial. J Endod. 2016;42(9):1338\u20131343."},{"issue":"19","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b21","series-title":"J Clin Nurs","first-page":"2654","article-title":"Randomised controlled trial of music on state anxiety and physiological indices in patients undergoing root canal treatment","volume":"17","author":"Lai HL,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lai HL,\nHwang MJ,\nChen CJ,\nChang KF,\nPeng TC,\nChang FM. Randomised controlled trial of music on state anxiety and physiological indices in patients undergoing root canal treatment. J Clin Nurs. 2008;17(19):2654\u20132660."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b22","series-title":"Int J Sci Res","first-page":"27","article-title":"Influence of music therapy on anxiety, pain perception, heart rate and blood pressure of patients undergoing endodontic treatment\u2013a randomized control trial","volume":"11","author":"Jethani B,","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jethani B,\nNarayana IH,\nDinesh K,\nMathew S. Influence of music therapy on anxiety, pain perception, heart rate and blood pressure of patients undergoing endodontic treatment\u2013a randomized control trial. Int J Sci Res. 2019;11:27\u201331."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b23","series-title":"BMC Oral Health","first-page":"1","article-title":"The modified dental anxiety scale: UK general public population norms in 2008 with further psychometrics and effects of age","volume":"9","author":"Humphris GM,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Humphris GM,\nDyer TA,\nRobinson PG. The modified dental anxiety scale: UK general public population norms in 2008 with further psychometrics and effects of age. BMC Oral Health. 2009;9(1):1\u20138."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b24","series-title":"Pain","first-page":"153","article-title":"An experimental basis for revising the graphic rating scale for pain","volume":"19","author":"Heft MW,","year":"1984","unstructured":"Heft MW,\nParker SR. An experimental basis for revising the graphic rating scale for pain. Pain. 1984;19(2):153\u2013161."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b25","series-title":"Eur J Oral Sci","first-page":"44","article-title":"What are people afraid of during dental treatment? Anxiety-provoking capacity of 67 stimuli characteristic of the dental setting","volume":"116","author":"Oosterink FM,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Oosterink FM,\nde Jongh A,\nAartman IH. What are people afraid of during dental treatment? Anxiety-provoking capacity of 67 stimuli characteristic of the dental setting. Eur J Oral Sci. 2008;116(1):44\u201351."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b26","series-title":"Neurobiology of Sensation and Reward","article-title":"Music","author":"Zald DH,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zald DH,\nZatorre RJ. Music. In: \nGottfried JA, ed. Neurobiology of Sensation and Reward. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press\/Taylor & Francis; 2011. Chapter 19."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b27","series-title":"Health Psychol Review","first-page":"294","article-title":"Effects of music interventions on stress-related outcomes: a systematic review and two meta-analyses","volume":"14","author":"De Witte M,","year":"2020","unstructured":"De Witte M,\nSpruit A,\nVan Hooren S,\nMoonen X,\nStams GJ. Effects of music interventions on stress-related outcomes: a systematic review and two meta-analyses. Health Psychol Review. 2020;14(2):294\u2013324."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b28","series-title":"Int J Mol Sci","first-page":"338","article-title":"Roles of \u03b2-endorphin in stress, behavior, neuroinflammation, and brain energy metabolism","volume":"22","author":"Pilozzi A,","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pilozzi A,\nCarro C,\nHuang X. Roles of \u03b2-endorphin in stress, behavior, neuroinflammation, and brain energy metabolism. Int J Mol Sci. 2021; 22(1):338."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b29","series-title":"Pain Med","first-page":"3047","article-title":"The impact of music on nociceptive processing","volume":"21","author":"Chai PR,","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chai PR,\nGale JY,\nPatton ME, et al. The impact of music on nociceptive processing. Pain Med. 2020;21(11):3047\u20133054."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b30","series-title":"Pediatr Dent","first-page":"114","article-title":"The effect of music distraction on pain, anxiety and behavior in pediatric dental patients","volume":"24","author":"Aitken JC,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Aitken JC,\nWilson S,\nCoury D,\nMoursi AM. The effect of music distraction on pain, anxiety and behavior in pediatric dental patients. Pediatr Dent. 2002;24(2):114\u2013118."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b31","series-title":"Geriatr Nurs","first-page":"286","article-title":"Music preference and relaxation in Taiwanese elderly people","volume":"25","author":"Lai HL.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lai HL. Music preference and relaxation in Taiwanese elderly people. Geriatr Nurs. 2004;25(5):286\u2013291."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b32","series-title":"Nexus Edizioni","article-title":"\u201c432 Hertz: la rivoluzione musicale.\u201d","author":"Tuis TR.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tuis TR. \u201c432 Hertz: la rivoluzione musicale.\u201d Nexus Edizioni; 2010."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b33","series-title":"Emotion and meaning in music","author":"Meyer LB.","year":"1956","unstructured":"Meyer LB. Emotion and meaning in music. University of Chicago Press; 1956."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b34","series-title":"Ostomy Wound Manage","first-page":"40","article-title":"Effect of music therapy on pain perception, anxiety, and opioid use during dressing change among patients with burns in India: a quasi-experimental, cross-over pilot study","volume":"64","author":"Rohilla L,","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rohilla L,\nAgnihotri M,\nTrehan SK,\nSharma RK,\nGhai S. Effect of music therapy on pain perception, anxiety, and opioid use during dressing change among patients with burns in India: a quasi-experimental, cross-over pilot study. Ostomy Wound Manage. 2018;64(10):40\u201346."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b35","series-title":"J Cardiothorac Surg","first-page":"1","article-title":"The effect of music therapy on pain, anxiety and depression in patients after coronary artery bypass grafting","volume":"15","author":"Dai WS,","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dai WS,\nHuang ST,\nXu N,\nChen Q,\nCao H. The effect of music therapy on pain, anxiety and depression in patients after coronary artery bypass grafting. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2020;15(1):1\u20135."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b36","series-title":"Ann Surg","first-page":"961","article-title":"The effect of perioperative music on medication requirement and hospital length of stay: a meta-analysis","volume":"272","author":"Fu VX,","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fu VX,\nOomens P,\nKlimek M,\nVerhofstad MH,\nJeekel J. The effect of perioperative music on medication requirement and hospital length of stay: a meta-analysis. Ann Surg. 2020;272(6):961."},{"issue":"55","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b37","series-title":"Noise Health","first-page":"385","article-title":"A four-part setting on examining the anxiety-provoking capacity of the sound of dental equipment","volume":"13","author":"Wong HM,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wong HM,\nMak CM,\nXu YF. A four-part setting on examining the anxiety-provoking capacity of the sound of dental equipment. Noise Health. 2011;13(55):385\u2013391."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b38","series-title":"Int J Odontostomatol","first-page":"35","article-title":"Music distraction effectiveness in dental anxiety and treatment adherence in 6\u2010year\u2010old children: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"12","author":"Rojas\u2010Alcayaga GA,","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rojas\u2010Alcayaga GA,\nAlfar K,\nR\u00edos\u2010Erazo M,\nHerrera AC,\nBarahona P. Music distraction effectiveness in dental anxiety and treatment adherence in 6\u2010year\u2010old children: a randomized clinical trial. Int J Odontostomatol. 2018;12:35\u201342."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b39","series-title":"Clin Therap","first-page":"2851","article-title":"Effects of treatment with etizolam 0.5 mg BID on cognitive performance: a 3-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-treatment, three-period, noninferiority crossover study in patients with anxiety disorder","volume":"31","author":"De Candia MP,","year":"2009","unstructured":"De Candia MP,\nDi Sciascio G,\nDurbano F, et al. Effects of treatment with etizolam 0.5 mg BID on cognitive performance: a 3-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-treatment, three-period, noninferiority crossover study in patients with anxiety disorder. Clin Therap. 2009;31(12):2851\u20132859."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b40","series-title":"BMC Oral Health","first-page":"294","article-title":"The effect of the waiting room\u2019s environment on level of anxiety experienced by children prior to dental treatment: a case control study","volume":"19","author":"Fux-Noy A,","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fux-Noy A,\nZohar M,\nHerzog K, et al. The effect of the waiting room\u2019s environment on level of anxiety experienced by children prior to dental treatment: a case control study. BMC Oral Health. 2019;19:294."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b41","series-title":"Information Sheet Etizolam Version 1.1","author":"Scottish Drug Forum (SDF)","year":"2014","unstructured":"Scottish Drug Forum (SDF). Information Sheet Etizolam Version 1.1. Drug Watch; 2014."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b42","series-title":"Front Psychiatry","first-page":"601","article-title":"High-dose dependence and cognitive side effects to medical prescription of etizolam","volume":"11","author":"Tamburin S,","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tamburin S,\nMantovani E,\nBertoldi A,\nFederico A,\nCasari R,\nLugoboni F. High-dose dependence and cognitive side effects to medical prescription of etizolam. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:601\u2013827."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b43","series-title":"J Am Dent Assoc","first-page":"816","article-title":"Assessment of a dental anxiety scale","volume":"97","author":"Corah NL,","year":"1939","unstructured":"Corah NL,\nGale EN,\nIllig SJ. Assessment of a dental anxiety scale. J Am Dent Assoc. 1939;97(5):816\u2013819."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b01","series-title":"Endod Topics","first-page":"26","article-title":"Local anesthetic failure in endodontics: mechanisms and management","volume":"1","author":"Hargreaves KM,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hargreaves KM,\nKeiser K. Local anesthetic failure in endodontics: mechanisms and management. Endod Topics. 2002;1(1):26\u201339."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b02","series-title":"Saud Med J","first-page":"84","article-title":"Failure rate of inferior alveolar nerve block among dental students and interns","volume":"37","author":"AlHindi M,","year":"2016","unstructured":"AlHindi M,\nRashed B,\nAlOtaibi N. Failure rate of inferior alveolar nerve block among dental students and interns. Saud Med J. 2016;37(1):84."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b03","series-title":"Eur J Mol Clin Med","first-page":"1266","article-title":"Failure of inferior alveolar nerve block and how to overcome it. A review","volume":"7","author":"Subbiya A,","year":"2020","unstructured":"Subbiya A,\nVikash R,\nAnuradha B,\nMitthra S. Failure of inferior alveolar nerve block and how to overcome it. A review. Eur J Mol Clin Med. 2020;7(5):1266\u20131269."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b04","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"153","article-title":"Association between anxiety and pain in dental treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"296","author":"Lin CS,","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lin CS,\nWu SY,\nYi CA. Association between anxiety and pain in dental treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dent Res. 2017;296(2):153\u2013162."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b05","series-title":"J Endod","first-page":"1726","article-title":"Anxiety related to nonsurgical root canal treatment: a systematic review","volume":"42","author":"Khan S,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Khan S,\nHamedy R,\nLei Y,\nOgawa RS,\nWhite SN. Anxiety related to nonsurgical root canal treatment: a systematic review. J Endod. 2016;42(12):1726\u20131736."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b06","series-title":"Int Endod J","first-page":"447","article-title":"Association between dental anxiety and intraoperative pain during root canal treatment: a cross\u2010sectional study","volume":"53","author":"Murillo\u2010Ben\u00edtez M,","year":"2020","unstructured":"Murillo\u2010Ben\u00edtez M,\nMart\u00edn\u2010Gonz\u00e1lez J,\nJim\u00e9nez\u2010S\u00e1nchez MC,\nCabanillas\u2010Balsera D,\nVelasco\u2010Ortega E,\nSegura\u2010Egea JJ. Association between dental anxiety and intraoperative pain during root canal treatment: a cross\u2010sectional study. Int Endod J. 2020;53(4):447\u2013454."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b07","series-title":"BMC Oral Health","first-page":"6","article-title":"The prevalence of dental anxiety and its association with pain and other variables among adult patients with irreversible pulpitis","volume":"18","author":"Dou L,","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dou L,\nVanschaayk MM,\nZhang Y,\nFu X,\nJi P,\nYang D. The prevalence of dental anxiety and its association with pain and other variables among adult patients with irreversible pulpitis. BMC Oral Health. 2018;18:1\u20136."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b08","series-title":"Clin Cosm Investig Dent","first-page":"35","article-title":"Strategies to manage patients with dental anxiety and dental phobia: literature review","volume":"8","author":"Appukuttan DP.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Appukuttan DP. Strategies to manage patients with dental anxiety and dental phobia: literature review. Clin Cosm Investig Dent. 2016;8:35\u201350."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b09","series-title":"J Conserv Dent","first-page":"356","article-title":"Evaluation of the efficacy of nitrous oxide inhalation sedation on anxiety and pain levels of patients undergoing endodontic treatment in a vital tooth: A prospective randomized controlled trial","volume":"22","author":"Gupta PD,","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gupta PD,\nMahajan P,\nMonga P,\nThaman D,\nKhinda VIS,\nGupta A. Evaluation of the efficacy of nitrous oxide inhalation sedation on anxiety and pain levels of patients undergoing endodontic treatment in a vital tooth: A prospective randomized controlled trial. J Conserv Dent. 2019;22(4):356\u2013361."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b10","series-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Path Oral Radio Endodod","first-page":"119","article-title":"Comparison of sublingually and orally administered triazolam for premedication before oral surgery","volume":"84","author":"Berthold CW,","year":"1997","unstructured":"Berthold CW,\nDionne RA,\nCorey SE. Comparison of sublingually and orally administered triazolam for premedication before oral surgery. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Path Oral Radio Endodod. 1997;84(2):119\u2013124."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b11","series-title":"Adv Environ Biol","first-page":"971","article-title":"Effect of chlordiazepoxide and oxazepam on the success rate of mandibular nerve block anesthesia: a randomized double blind control trial","volume":"20","author":"Nazari H,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nazari H,\nNazari H,\nSharifi R,\nDaneshvar M,\nAkbari A. Effect of chlordiazepoxide and oxazepam on the success rate of mandibular nerve block anesthesia: a randomized double blind control trial. Adv Environ Biol. 2014;20:971\u2013976."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b12","series-title":"J Endod","first-page":"181","article-title":"Comparison of triazolam, diazepam, and placebo as outpatient oral premedication for endodontic patients","volume":"23","author":"Ehrich DG,","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ehrich DG,\nLundgren JP,\nDionne RA,\nNicoll BK,\nHutter JW. Comparison of triazolam, diazepam, and placebo as outpatient oral premedication for endodontic patients. J Endod.1997;23(3):181\u2013184."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b13","series-title":"J Endod","first-page":"1337","article-title":"Effect of preoperative alprazolam on the success of inferior alveolar nerve block for teeth with irreversible pulpitis","volume":"38","author":"Khademi AA,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Khademi AA,\nSaatchi M,\nMinaiyan M,\nRostamizadeh N,\nSharafi F. Effect of preoperative alprazolam on the success of inferior alveolar nerve block for teeth with irreversible pulpitis. J Endod. 2012;38(10):1337\u20131339."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b14","series-title":"J Endod","first-page":"1167","article-title":"Effect of sublingual triazolam on the success of inferior alveolar nerve block in patients with irreversible pulpitis","volume":"34","author":"Lindemann M,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lindemann M,\nReader A,\nNusstein J,\nDrum M,\nBeck M. Effect of sublingual triazolam on the success of inferior alveolar nerve block in patients with irreversible pulpitis. J Endod. 2008;34(10):1167\u20131170."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b15","series-title":"J Conserv Dent","first-page":"390","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of effect of preoperative alprazolam and diclofenac potassium on the success of inferior alveolar, Vazirani-Akinosi, and Gow-Gates techniques for teeth with irreversible pulpitis: randomized controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"Shetkar P,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shetkar P,\nJadhav GR,\nMittal P, et al. Comparative evaluation of effect of preoperative alprazolam and diclofenac potassium on the success of inferior alveolar, Vazirani-Akinosi, and Gow-Gates techniques for teeth with irreversible pulpitis: randomized controlled trial. J Conserv Dent. 2016;19(5):390."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b16","series-title":"Arzneimittelforschung","first-page":"88","article-title":"Molecular and neurochemical evaluation of the effects of etizolam on GABA receptors under normal and stress conditions","volume":"49","author":"Sanna E,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sanna E,\nPau D,\nTuveri F, et al. Molecular and neurochemical evaluation of the effects of etizolam on GABA receptors under normal and stress conditions. Arzneimittelforschung 1999;49(2):88\u201395."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b17","series-title":"Forensic Sci Int","first-page":"137","article-title":"Is etizolam a safe medication? Effects on psychomotor performance at therapeutic dosages of a newly abused psychoactive substance","volume":"301","author":"Busard\u00f2 FP,","year":"2019","unstructured":"Busard\u00f2 FP,\nDi Trana A,\nMontanari E,\nMauloni S,\nTagliabracci A,\nGiorgetti R. Is etizolam a safe medication? Effects on psychomotor performance at therapeutic dosages of a newly abused psychoactive substance. Forensic Sci Int. 2019;301:137\u2013141."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b18","article-title":"Etizolam","unstructured":"Etizolam. Accessed January 21, 2025. www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov\/drug_chem_info\/etizolam.pdf"},{"issue":"3","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b19","series-title":"J Am Dent Assoc","first-page":"317","article-title":"Brief relaxation versus music distraction in the treatment of dental anxiety: a randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"139","author":"Lahmann C,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lahmann C,\nSchoen R,\nHenningsen P, et al. Brief relaxation versus music distraction in the treatment of dental anxiety: a randomized controlled clinical trial. J Am Dent Assoc. 2008;139(3):317\u2013324."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b20","series-title":"J Endod","first-page":"1338","article-title":"Influences of 432 Hz music on the perception of anxiety during endodontic treatment: a randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"42","author":"Di Nasso L,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Di Nasso L,\nNizzardo A,\nPace R,\nPierleoni F,\nPagavino G,\nGiuliani V. Influences of 432 Hz music on the perception of anxiety during endodontic treatment: a randomized controlled clinical trial. J Endod. 2016;42(9):1338\u20131343."},{"issue":"19","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b21","series-title":"J Clin Nurs","first-page":"2654","article-title":"Randomised controlled trial of music on state anxiety and physiological indices in patients undergoing root canal treatment","volume":"17","author":"Lai HL,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lai HL,\nHwang MJ,\nChen CJ,\nChang KF,\nPeng TC,\nChang FM. Randomised controlled trial of music on state anxiety and physiological indices in patients undergoing root canal treatment. J Clin Nurs. 2008;17(19):2654\u20132660."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b22","series-title":"Int J Sci Res","first-page":"27","article-title":"Influence of music therapy on anxiety, pain perception, heart rate and blood pressure of patients undergoing endodontic treatment\u2013a randomized control trial","volume":"11","author":"Jethani B,","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jethani B,\nNarayana IH,\nDinesh K,\nMathew S. Influence of music therapy on anxiety, pain perception, heart rate and blood pressure of patients undergoing endodontic treatment\u2013a randomized control trial. Int J Sci Res. 2019;11:27\u201331."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b23","series-title":"BMC Oral Health","first-page":"1","article-title":"The modified dental anxiety scale: UK general public population norms in 2008 with further psychometrics and effects of age","volume":"9","author":"Humphris GM,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Humphris GM,\nDyer TA,\nRobinson PG. The modified dental anxiety scale: UK general public population norms in 2008 with further psychometrics and effects of age. BMC Oral Health. 2009;9(1):1\u20138."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b24","series-title":"Pain","first-page":"153","article-title":"An experimental basis for revising the graphic rating scale for pain","volume":"19","author":"Heft MW,","year":"1984","unstructured":"Heft MW,\nParker SR. An experimental basis for revising the graphic rating scale for pain. Pain. 1984;19(2):153\u2013161."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b25","series-title":"Eur J Oral Sci","first-page":"44","article-title":"What are people afraid of during dental treatment? Anxiety-provoking capacity of 67 stimuli characteristic of the dental setting","volume":"116","author":"Oosterink FM,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Oosterink FM,\nde Jongh A,\nAartman IH. What are people afraid of during dental treatment? Anxiety-provoking capacity of 67 stimuli characteristic of the dental setting. Eur J Oral Sci. 2008;116(1):44\u201351."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b26","series-title":"Neurobiology of Sensation and Reward","article-title":"Music","author":"Zald DH,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zald DH,\nZatorre RJ. Music. In: \nGottfried JA, ed. Neurobiology of Sensation and Reward. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press\/Taylor & Francis; 2011. Chapter 19."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b27","series-title":"Health Psychol Review","first-page":"294","article-title":"Effects of music interventions on stress-related outcomes: a systematic review and two meta-analyses","volume":"14","author":"De Witte M,","year":"2020","unstructured":"De Witte M,\nSpruit A,\nVan Hooren S,\nMoonen X,\nStams GJ. Effects of music interventions on stress-related outcomes: a systematic review and two meta-analyses. Health Psychol Review. 2020;14(2):294\u2013324."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b28","series-title":"Int J Mol Sci","first-page":"338","article-title":"Roles of \u03b2-endorphin in stress, behavior, neuroinflammation, and brain energy metabolism","volume":"22","author":"Pilozzi A,","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pilozzi A,\nCarro C,\nHuang X. Roles of \u03b2-endorphin in stress, behavior, neuroinflammation, and brain energy metabolism. Int J Mol Sci. 2021; 22(1):338."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b29","series-title":"Pain Med","first-page":"3047","article-title":"The impact of music on nociceptive processing","volume":"21","author":"Chai PR,","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chai PR,\nGale JY,\nPatton ME, et al. The impact of music on nociceptive processing. Pain Med. 2020;21(11):3047\u20133054."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b30","series-title":"Pediatr Dent","first-page":"114","article-title":"The effect of music distraction on pain, anxiety and behavior in pediatric dental patients","volume":"24","author":"Aitken JC,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Aitken JC,\nWilson S,\nCoury D,\nMoursi AM. The effect of music distraction on pain, anxiety and behavior in pediatric dental patients. Pediatr Dent. 2002;24(2):114\u2013118."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b31","series-title":"Geriatr Nurs","first-page":"286","article-title":"Music preference and relaxation in Taiwanese elderly people","volume":"25","author":"Lai HL.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lai HL. Music preference and relaxation in Taiwanese elderly people. Geriatr Nurs. 2004;25(5):286\u2013291."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b32","series-title":"Nexus Edizioni","article-title":"\u201c432 Hertz: la rivoluzione musicale.\u201d","author":"Tuis TR.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tuis TR. \u201c432 Hertz: la rivoluzione musicale.\u201d Nexus Edizioni; 2010."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b33","series-title":"Emotion and meaning in music","author":"Meyer LB.","year":"1956","unstructured":"Meyer LB. Emotion and meaning in music. University of Chicago Press; 1956."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b34","series-title":"Ostomy Wound Manage","first-page":"40","article-title":"Effect of music therapy on pain perception, anxiety, and opioid use during dressing change among patients with burns in India: a quasi-experimental, cross-over pilot study","volume":"64","author":"Rohilla L,","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rohilla L,\nAgnihotri M,\nTrehan SK,\nSharma RK,\nGhai S. Effect of music therapy on pain perception, anxiety, and opioid use during dressing change among patients with burns in India: a quasi-experimental, cross-over pilot study. Ostomy Wound Manage. 2018;64(10):40\u201346."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b35","series-title":"J Cardiothorac Surg","first-page":"1","article-title":"The effect of music therapy on pain, anxiety and depression in patients after coronary artery bypass grafting","volume":"15","author":"Dai WS,","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dai WS,\nHuang ST,\nXu N,\nChen Q,\nCao H. The effect of music therapy on pain, anxiety and depression in patients after coronary artery bypass grafting. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2020;15(1):1\u20135."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b36","series-title":"Ann Surg","first-page":"961","article-title":"The effect of perioperative music on medication requirement and hospital length of stay: a meta-analysis","volume":"272","author":"Fu VX,","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fu VX,\nOomens P,\nKlimek M,\nVerhofstad MH,\nJeekel J. The effect of perioperative music on medication requirement and hospital length of stay: a meta-analysis. Ann Surg. 2020;272(6):961."},{"issue":"55","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b37","series-title":"Noise Health","first-page":"385","article-title":"A four-part setting on examining the anxiety-provoking capacity of the sound of dental equipment","volume":"13","author":"Wong HM,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wong HM,\nMak CM,\nXu YF. A four-part setting on examining the anxiety-provoking capacity of the sound of dental equipment. Noise Health. 2011;13(55):385\u2013391."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b38","series-title":"Int J Odontostomatol","first-page":"35","article-title":"Music distraction effectiveness in dental anxiety and treatment adherence in 6\u2010year\u2010old children: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"12","author":"Rojas\u2010Alcayaga GA,","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rojas\u2010Alcayaga GA,\nAlfar K,\nR\u00edos\u2010Erazo M,\nHerrera AC,\nBarahona P. Music distraction effectiveness in dental anxiety and treatment adherence in 6\u2010year\u2010old children: a randomized clinical trial. Int J Odontostomatol. 2018;12:35\u201342."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b39","series-title":"Clin Therap","first-page":"2851","article-title":"Effects of treatment with etizolam 0.5 mg BID on cognitive performance: a 3-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-treatment, three-period, noninferiority crossover study in patients with anxiety disorder","volume":"31","author":"De Candia MP,","year":"2009","unstructured":"De Candia MP,\nDi Sciascio G,\nDurbano F, et al. Effects of treatment with etizolam 0.5 mg BID on cognitive performance: a 3-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-treatment, three-period, noninferiority crossover study in patients with anxiety disorder. Clin Therap. 2009;31(12):2851\u20132859."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b40","series-title":"BMC Oral Health","first-page":"294","article-title":"The effect of the waiting room\u2019s environment on level of anxiety experienced by children prior to dental treatment: a case control study","volume":"19","author":"Fux-Noy A,","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fux-Noy A,\nZohar M,\nHerzog K, et al. The effect of the waiting room\u2019s environment on level of anxiety experienced by children prior to dental treatment: a case control study. BMC Oral Health. 2019;19:294."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b41","series-title":"Information Sheet Etizolam Version 1.1","author":"Scottish Drug Forum (SDF)","year":"2014","unstructured":"Scottish Drug Forum (SDF). Information Sheet Etizolam Version 1.1. Drug Watch; 2014."},{"key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b42","series-title":"Front Psychiatry","first-page":"601","article-title":"High-dose dependence and cognitive side effects to medical prescription of etizolam","volume":"11","author":"Tamburin S,","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tamburin S,\nMantovani E,\nBertoldi A,\nFederico A,\nCasari R,\nLugoboni F. High-dose dependence and cognitive side effects to medical prescription of etizolam. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:601\u2013827."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1878-7177-72-4-224-b43","series-title":"J Am Dent Assoc","first-page":"816","article-title":"Assessment of a dental anxiety scale","volume":"97","author":"Corah NL,","year":"1939","unstructured":"Corah NL,\nGale EN,\nIllig SJ. Assessment of a dental anxiety scale. J Am Dent Assoc. 1939;97(5):816\u2013819."}],"container-title":["Anesthesia Progress"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/anesthesiaprogress.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/anpr\/72\/4\/article-p224.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/anesthesiaprogress.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/anpr\/72\/4\/article-p224.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/anesthesiaprogress.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/anpr\/72\/4\/article-p224.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T02:20:12Z","timestamp":1779848412000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/anesthesiaprogress.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/anpr\/72\/4\/article-p224.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2344\/24-0028","relation":{},"ISSN":["1878-7177","0003-3006"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1878-7177","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0003-3006","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}}}