{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:55:15Z","timestamp":1781744115883,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Dental Society of Anesthesiology (ADSA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"\n Objective<\/jats:title>\n This study aimed to compare the effects of remimazolam and propofol on neuromuscular blockade induced by the nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent (NMBA) rocuronium and to evaluate the additional influence of epinephrine-containing lidocaine administered as a local anesthetic during general anesthesia.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n A total of 38 patients undergoing Le Fort I osteotomy were randomly assigned to the remimazolam group (R group) or propofol group (P group). All patients also received remifentanil and rocuronium. The rocuronium infusion rate was adjusted to maintain a train-of-four (TOF) ratio of 30% \u00b1 10% and recorded. After administering the local anesthetic solution (2% lidocaine containing 1:80,000 epinephrine), the TOF ratio was recorded every minute for 20 minutes.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The mean (SD) continuous infusion rate of rocuronium required to maintain a similar TOF ratio was significantly smaller in R group (5.3 (0.5) \u00b5g\/kg\/min) than in P group (6.5 (0.8) \u00b5g\/kg\/min;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .001). The mean (SD) TOF ratio before administering the epinephrine-containing lidocaine was 26.4% (11.8%) in P group and 30.1% (11.8%) in R group (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 1.0) and after administration was 7.5% (7.8%) in P group and 8.3% (10.1%) in R group (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 1.0), all of which lacked statistical significance.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Our results suggested that remimazolam and epinephrine-containing lidocaine administered for local anesthesia enhanced the NMBA effect of rocuronium.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2344\/25-0005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:30:49Z","timestamp":1781742649000},"page":"77-82","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison of the Effects of Remimazolam and Propofol, With Epinephrine-containing Lidocaine, on Rocuronium-induced Muscle Relaxation"],"prefix":"10.2344","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Mai","family":"Shionoya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyotaro","family":"Koshika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatsuya","family":"Ichinohe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1191","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"i1878-7177-73-2-77-b01","series-title":"Anesth Analg","first-page":"1217","article-title":"The onset time of rocuronium is slowed by esmolol and accelerated by ephedrine","volume":"90","author":"Szmuk","year":"2000","unstructured":"Szmuk P,\nEzri T,\nChelly JE,\nKatz J. The onset time of rocuronium is slowed by esmolol and accelerated by ephedrine. Anesth Analg. 2000;90(5):1217\u20131219."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1878-7177-73-2-77-b02","series-title":"Masui","first-page":"880","article-title":"Pretreatment with lidocaine accelerates onset of vecuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade","volume":"51","author":"Nonaka","year":"2002","unstructured":"Nonaka A,\nSugawara T,\nSuzuki S,\nMasamune T,\nKumazawa T. Pretreatment with lidocaine accelerates onset of vecuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade [in Japanese]. Masui. 2002;51(8):880\u2013883."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1878-7177-73-2-77-b03","series-title":"Can J Anaesth","first-page":"617","article-title":"Failure of neuromuscular blockade reversal after rocuronium in a patient who received oral neomycin","volume":"43","author":"Hasfurther","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hasfurther DL,\nBailey PL. Failure of neuromuscular blockade reversal after rocuronium in a patient who received oral neomycin. Can J Anaesth. 1996;43(6):617\u2013620."},{"key":"i1878-7177-73-2-77-b04","series-title":"Masui","first-page":"503","article-title":"Diltiazem potentiates the neuromuscular blockade by vecuronium in humans","volume":"44","author":"Takasaki","year":"1995","unstructured":"Takasaki Y,\nNaruoka Y,\nShimizu C,\nOchi G,\nNagaro T,\nArai T. Diltiazem potentiates the neuromuscular blockade by vecuronium in humans [in Japanese]. Masui. 1995;44:503\u2013507."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1878-7177-73-2-77-b05","series-title":"Br J Anaesth","first-page":"407","article-title":"Effects of valproic acid and magnesium sulphate on rocuronium requirement in patients undergoing craniotomy for cerebrovascular surgery","volume":"109","author":"Kim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kim MH,\nHwang JW,\nJeon YT,\nDo SH. Effects of valproic acid and magnesium sulphate on rocuronium requirement in patients undergoing craniotomy for cerebrovascular surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2012;109(3):407\u2013412."},{"key":"i1878-7177-73-2-77-b06","series-title":"Masui","first-page":"1478","article-title":"Effects of catecholamines on the neuromuscular blocking action of a non-depolarizing muscle relaxant-Part II. Experimental studies on anti-neuromuscular blocking actions of catecholamines and the mechanisms of these actions in the dog","volume":"11","author":"Omote","year":"1985","unstructured":"Omote T,\nNamiki A,\nIwasaki H. Effects of catecholamines on the neuromuscular blocking action of a non-depolarizing muscle relaxant-Part II. Experimental studies on anti-neuromuscular blocking actions of catecholamines and the mechanisms of these actions in the dog [in Japanese]. Masui. 1985;11:1478\u20131497."},{"key":"i1878-7177-73-2-77-b07","series-title":"Br J Pharmacol Chemother","first-page":"313","article-title":"Effects of sympathomimetic amines on neuromuscular transmission","volume":"27","author":"Bowman","year":"1966","unstructured":"Bowman WC,\nRaper C. Effects of sympathomimetic amines on neuromuscular transmission. Br J Pharmacol Chemother. 1966;27:313."},{"key":"i1878-7177-73-2-77-b08","series-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci","first-page":"741","article-title":"Adrenotropic receptors in skeletal muscle","volume":"139","author":"Bowman","year":"1967","unstructured":"Bowman WC,\nRaper C. Adrenotropic receptors in skeletal muscle. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1967;139:741."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1878-7177-73-2-77-b09","series-title":"Anesth Prog","first-page":"18","article-title":"Oral mucosal injection of a lidocaine solution containing epinephrine enhances muscle relaxant effects of rocuronium","volume":"59","author":"Ninomiya","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ninomiya A,\nTerakawa Y,\nMatsuura N,\nIchinohe T,\nKaneko Y. Oral mucosal injection of a lidocaine solution containing epinephrine enhances muscle relaxant effects of rocuronium. Anesth Prog. 2012;59(1):18\u201321."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1878-7177-73-2-77-b10","series-title":"Anesthesiology","first-page":"60","article-title":"CNS 7056: a novel ultra-short-acting Benzodiazepine","volume":"107","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kilpatrick GJ,\nMcIntyre MS,\nCox RF, et al. CNS 7056: a novel ultra-short-acting Benzodiazepine. Anesthesiology. 2007;107(1):60\u201366."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1878-7177-73-2-77-b11","series-title":"Anesth Analg","first-page":"691","article-title":"Quantifying the interaction of rocuronium (Org 9426) with etomidate, fentanyl, midazolam, propofol, thiopental, and isoflurane using closed-loop feedback control of rocuronium infusion","volume":"78","author":"Olkkola","year":"1994","unstructured":"Olkkola KT,\nTammisto T. Quantifying the interaction of rocuronium (Org 9426) with etomidate, fentanyl, midazolam, propofol, thiopental, and isoflurane using closed-loop feedback control of rocuronium infusion. Anesth Analg. 1994;78(4):691\u2013696."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1878-7177-73-2-77-b12","series-title":"Anesth Analg","first-page":"1250","article-title":"Recovery from neuromuscular blockade after either bolus and prolonged infusions of cisatracurium or rocuronium using either isoflurane or propofol-based anesthetics","volume":"91","author":"Jellish","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jellish WS,\nBrody M,\nSawicki K,\nSlogoff S. Recovery from neuromuscular blockade after either bolus and prolonged infusions of cisatracurium or rocuronium using either isoflurane or propofol-based anesthetics. Anesth Analg. 2000;91(5):1250\u20131255."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1878-7177-73-2-77-b13","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0246858","article-title":"Intravenous infusion of rocuronium bromide prolongs emergence from propofol anesthesia in rats","volume":"16","author":"Suzuki","year":"2021","unstructured":"Suzuki K,\nSunaga H,\nYamakawa K, et al. Intravenous infusion of rocuronium bromide prolongs emergence from propofol anesthesia in rats. PLoS One. 2021;16(2):e0246858."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1878-7177-73-2-77-b14","series-title":"J Anesth","first-page":"9","article-title":"A large individual variation in both the infusion rate and the blood concentration of rocuronium necessary for obtain adequate surgical muscle relaxation during total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and remifentanil","volume":"29","author":"Kajiura","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kajiura A,\nNagata O,\nTakizawa Y,\nNakatomi T,\nKodera S,\nMurayama T. A large individual variation in both the infusion rate and the blood concentration of rocuronium necessary for obtain adequate surgical muscle relaxation during total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and remifentanil. J Anesth. 2015;29(1):9\u201314."},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"i1878-7177-73-2-77-b15","series-title":"HNO","first-page":"86","article-title":"Continuous intraoperative neuromonitoring (cIONM) in head and neck surgery\u2014a review","volume":"68","author":"Stankovic","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stankovic P,\nWittlinger J,\nGeorgiew R,\nDominas N,\nHoch S,\nWilhelm T. Continuous intraoperative neuromonitoring (cIONM) in head and neck surgery\u2014a review. HNO. 2020;68(suppl 2):86\u201392."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1878-7177-73-2-77-b16","series-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol","first-page":"3855","article-title":"Predicting postoperative facial nerve paralysis by using intraoperative nerve monitoring during parotid surgery","volume":"280","author":"Higashino","year":"2023","unstructured":"Higashino M,\nKinoshita I,\nJinnin T,\nTerada T,\nKawata R. Predicting postoperative facial nerve paralysis by using intraoperative nerve monitoring during parotid surgery. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2023;280(8):3855\u20133860."},{"key":"i1878-7177-73-2-77-b17","series-title":"J Anesth","first-page":"581","article-title":"Effect of remimazolam on intraoperative neuromonitoring during thyroid surgery: a case series","volume":"35","author":"Hayamizu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hayamizu K,\nChaki T,\nTachibana S,\nHirata N,\nYamakage M. Effect of remimazolam on intraoperative neuromonitoring during thyroid surgery: a case series. J Anesth. 2021;35:581\u2013585."},{"key":"i1878-7177-73-2-77-b18","series-title":"J Anesth","first-page":"543","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of remimazolam versus propofol for general anesthesia: a multicenter, single-blind, randomized, parallel-group, phase IIb\/III trial","volume":"34","author":"Doi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Doi M,\nMorita K,\nTakeda J,\nSakamoto A,\nYamakage M,\nSuzuki T. Efficacy and safety of remimazolam versus propofol for general anesthesia: a multicenter, single-blind, randomized, parallel-group, phase IIb\/III trial. J Anesth. 2020;34:543\u2013553."},{"key":"i1878-7177-73-2-77-b19","series-title":"J Anesth","first-page":"491","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of remimazolam in induction and maintenance of general anesthesia in high-risk surgical patients (ASA Class III): results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group comparative trial","volume":"34","author":"Doi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Doi M,\nHirata N,\nSuzuki T,\nMorisaki H,\nMorimatsu H,\nSakamoto A. Safety and efficacy of remimazolam in induction and maintenance of general anesthesia in high-risk surgical patients (ASA Class III): results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group comparative trial. J Anesth. 2020;34:491\u2013501."},{"key":"i1878-7177-73-2-77-b20","series-title":"Anesthesiology","first-page":"652","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Remimazolam (CNS 7056) after continuous infusion in healthy male volunteers: Part II. pharmacodynamics of electroencephalogram effects","volume":"132","author":"Eisenried","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eisenried A,\nSch\u00fcttler J,\nLerch M,\nIhmsen H,\nJeleazcov C. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Remimazolam (CNS 7056) after continuous infusion in healthy male volunteers: Part II. pharmacodynamics of electroencephalogram effects. Anesthesiology. 2020;132:652\u2013666."},{"key":"i1878-7177-73-2-77-b21","series-title":"J Anesth","first-page":"194","article-title":"Neurological sedative indicators during general anesthesia with remimazolam","volume":"36","author":"Shirozu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shirozu K,\nNobukuni K,\nTsumura S, et al. Neurological sedative indicators during general anesthesia with remimazolam. J Anesth. 2022;36:194\u2013200."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1878-7177-73-2-77-b22","series-title":"Br J Anaesth","first-page":"92","article-title":"Low-dose rocuronium improves conditions for tracheal intubation after induction of anaesthesia with propofol and alfentanil","volume":"78","author":"Barclay","year":"1997","unstructured":"Barclay K,\nEggers K,\nAsai T. Low-dose rocuronium improves conditions for tracheal intubation after induction of anaesthesia with propofol and alfentanil. Br J Anaesth. 1997;78(1):92\u201394."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1878-7177-73-2-77-b23","series-title":"Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub","first-page":"347","article-title":"Influence of age and gender on the pharmacodynamic parameters of rocuronium during total intravenous anesthesia","volume":"155","author":"Adamus","year":"2011","unstructured":"Adamus M,\nHrabalek L,\nWanek T,\nGabrhelik T,\nZapletalova J. Influence of age and gender on the pharmacodynamic parameters of rocuronium during total intravenous anesthesia. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 2011;155(4):347\u2013353."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1878-7177-73-2-77-b01","series-title":"Anesth Analg","first-page":"1217","article-title":"The onset time of rocuronium is slowed by esmolol and accelerated by ephedrine","volume":"90","author":"Szmuk","year":"2000","unstructured":"Szmuk P,\nEzri T,\nChelly JE,\nKatz J. The onset time of rocuronium is slowed by esmolol and accelerated by ephedrine. Anesth Analg. 2000;90(5):1217\u20131219."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1878-7177-73-2-77-b02","series-title":"Masui","first-page":"880","article-title":"Pretreatment with lidocaine accelerates onset of vecuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade","volume":"51","author":"Nonaka","year":"2002","unstructured":"Nonaka A,\nSugawara T,\nSuzuki S,\nMasamune T,\nKumazawa T. Pretreatment with lidocaine accelerates onset of vecuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade [in Japanese]. Masui. 2002;51(8):880\u2013883."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1878-7177-73-2-77-b03","series-title":"Can J Anaesth","first-page":"617","article-title":"Failure of neuromuscular blockade reversal after rocuronium in a patient who received oral neomycin","volume":"43","author":"Hasfurther","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hasfurther DL,\nBailey PL. Failure of neuromuscular blockade reversal after rocuronium in a patient who received oral neomycin. Can J Anaesth. 1996;43(6):617\u2013620."},{"key":"i1878-7177-73-2-77-b04","series-title":"Masui","first-page":"503","article-title":"Diltiazem potentiates the neuromuscular blockade by vecuronium in humans","volume":"44","author":"Takasaki","year":"1995","unstructured":"Takasaki Y,\nNaruoka Y,\nShimizu C,\nOchi G,\nNagaro T,\nArai T. Diltiazem potentiates the neuromuscular blockade by vecuronium in humans [in Japanese]. Masui. 1995;44:503\u2013507."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1878-7177-73-2-77-b05","series-title":"Br J Anaesth","first-page":"407","article-title":"Effects of valproic acid and magnesium sulphate on rocuronium requirement in patients undergoing craniotomy for cerebrovascular surgery","volume":"109","author":"Kim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kim MH,\nHwang JW,\nJeon YT,\nDo SH. Effects of valproic acid and magnesium sulphate on rocuronium requirement in patients undergoing craniotomy for cerebrovascular surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2012;109(3):407\u2013412."},{"key":"i1878-7177-73-2-77-b06","series-title":"Masui","first-page":"1478","article-title":"Effects of catecholamines on the neuromuscular blocking action of a non-depolarizing muscle relaxant-Part II. Experimental studies on anti-neuromuscular blocking actions of catecholamines and the mechanisms of these actions in the dog","volume":"11","author":"Omote","year":"1985","unstructured":"Omote T,\nNamiki A,\nIwasaki H. Effects of catecholamines on the neuromuscular blocking action of a non-depolarizing muscle relaxant-Part II. Experimental studies on anti-neuromuscular blocking actions of catecholamines and the mechanisms of these actions in the dog [in Japanese]. Masui. 1985;11:1478\u20131497."},{"key":"i1878-7177-73-2-77-b07","series-title":"Br J Pharmacol Chemother","first-page":"313","article-title":"Effects of sympathomimetic amines on neuromuscular transmission","volume":"27","author":"Bowman","year":"1966","unstructured":"Bowman WC,\nRaper C. Effects of sympathomimetic amines on neuromuscular transmission. Br J Pharmacol Chemother. 1966;27:313."},{"key":"i1878-7177-73-2-77-b08","series-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci","first-page":"741","article-title":"Adrenotropic receptors in skeletal muscle","volume":"139","author":"Bowman","year":"1967","unstructured":"Bowman WC,\nRaper C. Adrenotropic receptors in skeletal muscle. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1967;139:741."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1878-7177-73-2-77-b09","series-title":"Anesth Prog","first-page":"18","article-title":"Oral mucosal injection of a lidocaine solution containing epinephrine enhances muscle relaxant effects of rocuronium","volume":"59","author":"Ninomiya","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ninomiya A,\nTerakawa Y,\nMatsuura N,\nIchinohe T,\nKaneko Y. Oral mucosal injection of a lidocaine solution containing epinephrine enhances muscle relaxant effects of rocuronium. Anesth Prog. 2012;59(1):18\u201321."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1878-7177-73-2-77-b10","series-title":"Anesthesiology","first-page":"60","article-title":"CNS 7056: a novel ultra-short-acting Benzodiazepine","volume":"107","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kilpatrick GJ,\nMcIntyre MS,\nCox RF, et al. CNS 7056: a novel ultra-short-acting Benzodiazepine. Anesthesiology. 2007;107(1):60\u201366."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1878-7177-73-2-77-b11","series-title":"Anesth Analg","first-page":"691","article-title":"Quantifying the interaction of rocuronium (Org 9426) with etomidate, fentanyl, midazolam, propofol, thiopental, and isoflurane using closed-loop feedback control of rocuronium infusion","volume":"78","author":"Olkkola","year":"1994","unstructured":"Olkkola KT,\nTammisto T. Quantifying the interaction of rocuronium (Org 9426) with etomidate, fentanyl, midazolam, propofol, thiopental, and isoflurane using closed-loop feedback control of rocuronium infusion. Anesth Analg. 1994;78(4):691\u2013696."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1878-7177-73-2-77-b12","series-title":"Anesth Analg","first-page":"1250","article-title":"Recovery from neuromuscular blockade after either bolus and prolonged infusions of cisatracurium or rocuronium using either isoflurane or propofol-based anesthetics","volume":"91","author":"Jellish","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jellish WS,\nBrody M,\nSawicki K,\nSlogoff S. Recovery from neuromuscular blockade after either bolus and prolonged infusions of cisatracurium or rocuronium using either isoflurane or propofol-based anesthetics. Anesth Analg. 2000;91(5):1250\u20131255."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1878-7177-73-2-77-b13","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0246858","article-title":"Intravenous infusion of rocuronium bromide prolongs emergence from propofol anesthesia in rats","volume":"16","author":"Suzuki","year":"2021","unstructured":"Suzuki K,\nSunaga H,\nYamakawa K, et al. Intravenous infusion of rocuronium bromide prolongs emergence from propofol anesthesia in rats. PLoS One. 2021;16(2):e0246858."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1878-7177-73-2-77-b14","series-title":"J Anesth","first-page":"9","article-title":"A large individual variation in both the infusion rate and the blood concentration of rocuronium necessary for obtain adequate surgical muscle relaxation during total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and remifentanil","volume":"29","author":"Kajiura","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kajiura A,\nNagata O,\nTakizawa Y,\nNakatomi T,\nKodera S,\nMurayama T. A large individual variation in both the infusion rate and the blood concentration of rocuronium necessary for obtain adequate surgical muscle relaxation during total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and remifentanil. J Anesth. 2015;29(1):9\u201314."},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"i1878-7177-73-2-77-b15","series-title":"HNO","first-page":"86","article-title":"Continuous intraoperative neuromonitoring (cIONM) in head and neck surgery\u2014a review","volume":"68","author":"Stankovic","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stankovic P,\nWittlinger J,\nGeorgiew R,\nDominas N,\nHoch S,\nWilhelm T. Continuous intraoperative neuromonitoring (cIONM) in head and neck surgery\u2014a review. HNO. 2020;68(suppl 2):86\u201392."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1878-7177-73-2-77-b16","series-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol","first-page":"3855","article-title":"Predicting postoperative facial nerve paralysis by using intraoperative nerve monitoring during parotid surgery","volume":"280","author":"Higashino","year":"2023","unstructured":"Higashino M,\nKinoshita I,\nJinnin T,\nTerada T,\nKawata R. Predicting postoperative facial nerve paralysis by using intraoperative nerve monitoring during parotid surgery. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2023;280(8):3855\u20133860."},{"key":"i1878-7177-73-2-77-b17","series-title":"J Anesth","first-page":"581","article-title":"Effect of remimazolam on intraoperative neuromonitoring during thyroid surgery: a case series","volume":"35","author":"Hayamizu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hayamizu K,\nChaki T,\nTachibana S,\nHirata N,\nYamakage M. Effect of remimazolam on intraoperative neuromonitoring during thyroid surgery: a case series. J Anesth. 2021;35:581\u2013585."},{"key":"i1878-7177-73-2-77-b18","series-title":"J Anesth","first-page":"543","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of remimazolam versus propofol for general anesthesia: a multicenter, single-blind, randomized, parallel-group, phase IIb\/III trial","volume":"34","author":"Doi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Doi M,\nMorita K,\nTakeda J,\nSakamoto A,\nYamakage M,\nSuzuki T. Efficacy and safety of remimazolam versus propofol for general anesthesia: a multicenter, single-blind, randomized, parallel-group, phase IIb\/III trial. J Anesth. 2020;34:543\u2013553."},{"key":"i1878-7177-73-2-77-b19","series-title":"J Anesth","first-page":"491","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of remimazolam in induction and maintenance of general anesthesia in high-risk surgical patients (ASA Class III): results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group comparative trial","volume":"34","author":"Doi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Doi M,\nHirata N,\nSuzuki T,\nMorisaki H,\nMorimatsu H,\nSakamoto A. Safety and efficacy of remimazolam in induction and maintenance of general anesthesia in high-risk surgical patients (ASA Class III): results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group comparative trial. J Anesth. 2020;34:491\u2013501."},{"key":"i1878-7177-73-2-77-b20","series-title":"Anesthesiology","first-page":"652","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Remimazolam (CNS 7056) after continuous infusion in healthy male volunteers: Part II. pharmacodynamics of electroencephalogram effects","volume":"132","author":"Eisenried","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eisenried A,\nSch\u00fcttler J,\nLerch M,\nIhmsen H,\nJeleazcov C. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Remimazolam (CNS 7056) after continuous infusion in healthy male volunteers: Part II. pharmacodynamics of electroencephalogram effects. Anesthesiology. 2020;132:652\u2013666."},{"key":"i1878-7177-73-2-77-b21","series-title":"J Anesth","first-page":"194","article-title":"Neurological sedative indicators during general anesthesia with remimazolam","volume":"36","author":"Shirozu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shirozu K,\nNobukuni K,\nTsumura S, et al. Neurological sedative indicators during general anesthesia with remimazolam. J Anesth. 2022;36:194\u2013200."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1878-7177-73-2-77-b22","series-title":"Br J Anaesth","first-page":"92","article-title":"Low-dose rocuronium improves conditions for tracheal intubation after induction of anaesthesia with propofol and alfentanil","volume":"78","author":"Barclay","year":"1997","unstructured":"Barclay K,\nEggers K,\nAsai T. Low-dose rocuronium improves conditions for tracheal intubation after induction of anaesthesia with propofol and alfentanil. Br J Anaesth. 1997;78(1):92\u201394."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1878-7177-73-2-77-b23","series-title":"Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub","first-page":"347","article-title":"Influence of age and gender on the pharmacodynamic parameters of rocuronium during total intravenous anesthesia","volume":"155","author":"Adamus","year":"2011","unstructured":"Adamus M,\nHrabalek L,\nWanek T,\nGabrhelik T,\nZapletalova J. Influence of age and gender on the pharmacodynamic parameters of rocuronium during total intravenous anesthesia. 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