{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T12:36:42Z","timestamp":1789475802711,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Dental Society of Anesthesiology (ADSA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Muscular dystrophy encompasses a group of genetic conditions with progressive muscle damage and weakness. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) are X-linked recessive disorders that affect the production of the protein dystrophin. Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) is typically an X-linked-recessive disorder involving the gene that codes for emerin. Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy and oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD) are both autosomal dominant disorders. Although commonly mistaken as a condition in which patients are susceptible to malignant hyperthermia with volatile inhalational anesthetics, muscular dystrophy is more closely associated with rhabdomyolysis. Providers developing an anesthetic plan for dental patients with muscular dystrophy must take into consideration the patient\u2019s baseline cardiac and pulmonary function as well as the potential for abnormalities. Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocker use is safe but likely to result in prolonged skeletal muscle relaxation. Succinylcholine and volatile anesthetics are generally contraindicated due to the risks of rhabdomyolysis and hyperkalemia with subsequent ventricular fibrillation, cardiac arrest, and death if left untreated. In-depth understanding of the more commonly encountered forms of muscular dystrophy is vital to providing safe and effective ambulatory anesthesia care for patients undergoing dental treatment outside the traditional hospital operating room setting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2344\/673191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T08:42:32Z","timestamp":1715244152000},"page":"44-52","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A Review of Muscular Dystrophies"],"prefix":"10.2344","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Tiffany","family":"Hoang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Student, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Regina A. E.","family":"Dowdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adjunct Assistant Clinical Professor in Anesthesia and Emergency Medicine, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1191","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"r1","series-title":"Neurol Clin","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2014.05.002","article-title":"Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies","volume":"32","author":"Flanigan, Kevin M.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Flanigan, Kevin M. Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies. Neurol Clin. 2014; 32(3):671\u2013688. doi: 10.1016\/j.ncl.2014.05.002"},{"issue":"9","key":"r2","series-title":"Pediatr Anesth","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.12248","article-title":"Anesthesia and Duchenne or Becker muscular dystrophy: review of 117 anesthetic exposures","volume":"23","author":"Segura LG,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Segura LG, Lorenz JD, Weingarten TN, . Anesthesia and Duchenne or Becker muscular dystrophy: review of 117 anesthetic exposures. Pediatr Anesth. 2013; 23(9):855\u2013864. doi: 10.1111\/pan.12248"},{"issue":"9","key":"r3","series-title":"Pediatr Anesth","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.12229","article-title":"Cardiac considerations in the operative management of the patient with Duchenne or Becker muscular dystrophy","volume":"23","author":"Cripe LH,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cripe LH, Tobias JD. Cardiac considerations in the operative management of the patient with Duchenne or Becker muscular dystrophy. Pediatr Anesth. 2013; 23(9):777\u2013784. doi: 10.1111\/pan.12229"},{"key":"r4","series-title":"Campbell\u2019s Operative Orthopaedics","first-page":"1459","article-title":"Neuromuscular disorders","author":"Warner WC,","year":"2021","unstructured":"Warner WC, Sawyer JR. Neuromuscular disorders. In: Azar FM, Canale ST, Beaty JH, eds. Campbell\u2019s Operative Orthopaedics. 14th ed. Elsevier; 2021:1459\u20131490."},{"key":"r5","series-title":"Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics","first-page":"3280","article-title":"Muscular dystrophies","author":"Bharucha-Goebel DX.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bharucha-Goebel DX. Muscular dystrophies. In: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW III, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 1st ed. Elsevier; 2020:3280\u20133294."},{"key":"r6","series-title":"Bradley and Daroff\u2019s Neurology in Clinical Practice","first-page":"1978","article-title":"Disorders of skeletal muscle","author":"Doughty CT,","year":"2022","unstructured":"Doughty CT, Amato AA. Disorders of skeletal muscle. In: Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, Pomeroy SL, Newman NJ, eds. Bradley and Daroff\u2019s Neurology in Clinical Practice. 8th ed. Elsevier; 2022:1978\u20132021."},{"key":"r7","series-title":"Swaiman\u2019s Pediatric Neurology","first-page":"147","article-title":"Congenital, limb girdle and other muscular dystrophies","author":"Finkel RS,","year":"2017","unstructured":"Finkel RS, Mohassel P, Bonnermann CG. Congenital, limb girdle and other muscular dystrophies. In: Swaiman KF, Ashwal S, Ferriero DM, ., eds. Swaiman\u2019s Pediatric Neurology. 6th ed. Elsevier; 2017:147."},{"key":"r8","series-title":"Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics","first-page":"3280","article-title":"Muscular dystrophies","author":"Bharucha-Goebel DX.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bharucha-Goebel DX. Muscular dystrophies. In: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JWIII , eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 1st ed. Elsevier; 2020:3280\u20133294."},{"key":"r9","series-title":"Bradley and Daroff\u2019s Neurology in Clinical Practice","first-page":"1978","article-title":"Disorders of skeletal muscle","author":"Doughty CT,","year":"2022","unstructured":"Doughty CT, Amato AA. Disorders of skeletal muscle. In: Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, Pomeroy SL, Newman NJ, eds. Bradley and Daroff\u2019s Neurology in Clinical Practice. 8th ed. Elsevier. 2022:1978\u20132021."},{"key":"r10","series-title":"Techniques in Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery","first-page":"275","article-title":"Evaluation and treatment of the patient with ptosis","author":"Nerad JA.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nerad JA. Evaluation and treatment of the patient with ptosis. In: Techniques in Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery. 2nd ed. Elsevier; 2021;275\u2013337."},{"key":"r11","series-title":"Bradley and Daroff\u2019s Neurology in Clinical Practice","first-page":"152","article-title":"Neurogenic dysphagia","author":"Safarpour D,","year":"2022","unstructured":"Safarpour D, Sharzehi K, Pfeiffer RF. Neurogenic dysphagia. In: Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, Pomeroy SL, Newman NJ, eds. Bradley and Daroff\u2019s Neurology in Clinical Practice. 8th ed. Elsevier; 2022:152\u2013163."},{"issue":"12","key":"r12","series-title":"Eur J Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3486","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15526","article-title":"European Neuromuscular Centre consensus statement on anaesthesia in patients with neuromuscular disorders","volume":"29","author":"van den Bersselaar LR,","year":"2022","unstructured":"van den Bersselaar LR, Heytens L, Silva HC, . European Neuromuscular Centre consensus statement on anaesthesia in patients with neuromuscular disorders. Eur J Neurol. 2022; 29(12):3486\u20133507. doi: 10.1111\/ene.15526"},{"issue":"3","key":"r13","series-title":"Curr Opin Anaesthesiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1097\/aco.0b013e3282f82bcc","article-title":"Neuromuscular and mitochondrial disorders: what is relevant to the anaesthesiologist","volume":"21","author":"Driessen E,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Driessen E, Jacques J. Neuromuscular and mitochondrial disorders: what is relevant to the anaesthesiologist? Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2008; 21(3):350\u2013355. doi: 10.1097\/aco.0b013e3282f82bcc"},{"key":"r14","series-title":"Anesthesia and Uncommon Diseases","first-page":"96","article-title":"Muscle diseases","author":"Urban MK.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Urban MK. Muscle diseases. In: Fleisher LA, ed. Anesthesia and Uncommon Diseases. 6th ed. Elsevier; 2012:96\u2013318)."},{"key":"r15","series-title":"Braz J Anesthesiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2021.07.037","article-title":"Several challenges associated with the anesthetic management of Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy patients: case report","volume":"73","author":"Leite AI,","year":"2021","unstructured":"Leite AI, da Silva Ramos S, Cio RI, Vilhena IR, Carvalhas J. Several challenges associated with the anesthetic management of Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy patients: case report. Braz J Anesthesiol. 2021; 73:217\u2013219. doi: 10.1016\/j.bjane.2021.07.037"},{"key":"r16","series-title":"Can J Anesth","first-page":"467","article-title":"The anesthetic management of a patient with Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy for orthopedic surgery","volume":"49","author":"Aldwinckle RJ,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Aldwinckle RJ, Carr AS. The anesthetic management of a patient with Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy for orthopedic surgery. Can J Anesth. 2002; 49:467\u2013470."},{"key":"r17","series-title":"Smith\u2019s Anesthesia for Infants and Children","first-page":"1295","article-title":"Genetic and muscular disorders","author":"Colletti AA,","year":"2022","unstructured":"Colletti AA, Morgan PG, Hsieh VC. Genetic and muscular disorders. In: Smith\u2019s Anesthesia for Infants and Children. 10th ed. Elsevier; 2022:1295\u20131304."},{"key":"r18","series-title":"Stoelting\u2019s Anesthesia and Co-existing Disease","first-page":"497","article-title":"Skin and collagen disorders","author":"Charchaflieh JG.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Charchaflieh JG. Skin and collagen disorders. In: Davis PJ, Cladis FP, eds. Stoelting\u2019s Anesthesia and Co-existing Disease. 8th ed. Elsevier; 2022:497\u2013532."},{"issue":"5","key":"r19","series-title":"Can J Anesth","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03022658","article-title":"Postoperative complications in patients with oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy: a retrospective study","volume":"54","author":"Pellerin HG,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pellerin HG, Nicole PC, Tr\u00e9panier CA, Lessard MR. Postoperative complications in patients with oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy: a retrospective study. Can J Anesth. 2007; 54(5):361\u2013365. doi: 10.1007\/BF03022658"},{"issue":"2","key":"r20","series-title":"Eur J Orthod.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjx038","article-title":"Growing patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy: longitudinal changes in their dentofacial morphology and orofacial functional capacities","volume":"40","author":"Egli F,","year":"2018","unstructured":"Egli F, Botteron S, Morel C, Kiliaridis S. Growing patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy: longitudinal changes in their dentofacial morphology and orofacial functional capacities. Eur J Orthod. 2018 40(2):140\u2013148. doi: 10.1093\/ejo\/cjx038"},{"issue":"1","key":"r21","series-title":"Turk J Orthod","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.5152\/TurkJOrthod.2021.21021","article-title":"Orofacial manifestations associated with muscular dystrophies: a review","volume":"35","author":"Papaefthymiou P,","year":"2022","unstructured":"Papaefthymiou P, Kekou K, \u00d6zdemir F. Orofacial manifestations associated with muscular dystrophies: a review. Turk J Orthod. 2022; 35(1):67\u201373. doi: 10.5152\/TurkJOrthod.2021.21021"},{"issue":"7","key":"r22","series-title":"Neuromuscul Disord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2020.06.005","article-title":"Oral bisphosphonate treatment in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy on long term glucocorticoid therapy","volume":"30","author":"Tian C,","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tian C, Wong BL, Hornung L, . Oral bisphosphonate treatment in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy on long term glucocorticoid therapy. Neuromuscul Disord. 2020; 30(7):599\u2013610. doi: 10.1016\/j.nmd.2020.06.005"},{"issue":"3","key":"r1","series-title":"Neurol Clin","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2014.05.002","article-title":"Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies","volume":"32","author":"Flanigan, Kevin M.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Flanigan, Kevin M. Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies. Neurol Clin. 2014; 32(3):671\u2013688. doi: 10.1016\/j.ncl.2014.05.002"},{"issue":"9","key":"r2","series-title":"Pediatr Anesth","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.12248","article-title":"Anesthesia and Duchenne or Becker muscular dystrophy: review of 117 anesthetic exposures","volume":"23","author":"Segura LG,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Segura LG, Lorenz JD, Weingarten TN, . Anesthesia and Duchenne or Becker muscular dystrophy: review of 117 anesthetic exposures. Pediatr Anesth. 2013; 23(9):855\u2013864. doi: 10.1111\/pan.12248"},{"issue":"9","key":"r3","series-title":"Pediatr Anesth","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.12229","article-title":"Cardiac considerations in the operative management of the patient with Duchenne or Becker muscular dystrophy","volume":"23","author":"Cripe LH,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cripe LH, Tobias JD. Cardiac considerations in the operative management of the patient with Duchenne or Becker muscular dystrophy. Pediatr Anesth. 2013; 23(9):777\u2013784. doi: 10.1111\/pan.12229"},{"key":"r4","series-title":"Campbell\u2019s Operative Orthopaedics","first-page":"1459","article-title":"Neuromuscular disorders","author":"Warner WC,","year":"2021","unstructured":"Warner WC, Sawyer JR. Neuromuscular disorders. In: Azar FM, Canale ST, Beaty JH, eds. Campbell\u2019s Operative Orthopaedics. 14th ed. Elsevier; 2021:1459\u20131490."},{"key":"r5","series-title":"Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics","first-page":"3280","article-title":"Muscular dystrophies","author":"Bharucha-Goebel DX.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bharucha-Goebel DX. Muscular dystrophies. In: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW III, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 1st ed. Elsevier; 2020:3280\u20133294."},{"key":"r6","series-title":"Bradley and Daroff\u2019s Neurology in Clinical Practice","first-page":"1978","article-title":"Disorders of skeletal muscle","author":"Doughty CT,","year":"2022","unstructured":"Doughty CT, Amato AA. Disorders of skeletal muscle. In: Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, Pomeroy SL, Newman NJ, eds. Bradley and Daroff\u2019s Neurology in Clinical Practice. 8th ed. Elsevier; 2022:1978\u20132021."},{"key":"r7","series-title":"Swaiman\u2019s Pediatric Neurology","first-page":"147","article-title":"Congenital, limb girdle and other muscular dystrophies","author":"Finkel RS,","year":"2017","unstructured":"Finkel RS, Mohassel P, Bonnermann CG. Congenital, limb girdle and other muscular dystrophies. In: Swaiman KF, Ashwal S, Ferriero DM, ., eds. Swaiman\u2019s Pediatric Neurology. 6th ed. Elsevier; 2017:147."},{"key":"r8","series-title":"Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics","first-page":"3280","article-title":"Muscular dystrophies","author":"Bharucha-Goebel DX.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bharucha-Goebel DX. Muscular dystrophies. In: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JWIII , eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 1st ed. Elsevier; 2020:3280\u20133294."},{"key":"r9","series-title":"Bradley and Daroff\u2019s Neurology in Clinical Practice","first-page":"1978","article-title":"Disorders of skeletal muscle","author":"Doughty CT,","year":"2022","unstructured":"Doughty CT, Amato AA. Disorders of skeletal muscle. In: Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, Pomeroy SL, Newman NJ, eds. Bradley and Daroff\u2019s Neurology in Clinical Practice. 8th ed. Elsevier. 2022:1978\u20132021."},{"key":"r10","series-title":"Techniques in Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery","first-page":"275","article-title":"Evaluation and treatment of the patient with ptosis","author":"Nerad JA.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nerad JA. Evaluation and treatment of the patient with ptosis. In: Techniques in Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery. 2nd ed. Elsevier; 2021;275\u2013337."},{"key":"r11","series-title":"Bradley and Daroff\u2019s Neurology in Clinical Practice","first-page":"152","article-title":"Neurogenic dysphagia","author":"Safarpour D,","year":"2022","unstructured":"Safarpour D, Sharzehi K, Pfeiffer RF. Neurogenic dysphagia. In: Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, Pomeroy SL, Newman NJ, eds. Bradley and Daroff\u2019s Neurology in Clinical Practice. 8th ed. Elsevier; 2022:152\u2013163."},{"issue":"12","key":"r12","series-title":"Eur J Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3486","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15526","article-title":"European Neuromuscular Centre consensus statement on anaesthesia in patients with neuromuscular disorders","volume":"29","author":"van den Bersselaar LR,","year":"2022","unstructured":"van den Bersselaar LR, Heytens L, Silva HC, . European Neuromuscular Centre consensus statement on anaesthesia in patients with neuromuscular disorders. Eur J Neurol. 2022; 29(12):3486\u20133507. doi: 10.1111\/ene.15526"},{"issue":"3","key":"r13","series-title":"Curr Opin Anaesthesiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1097\/aco.0b013e3282f82bcc","article-title":"Neuromuscular and mitochondrial disorders: what is relevant to the anaesthesiologist","volume":"21","author":"Driessen E,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Driessen E, Jacques J. Neuromuscular and mitochondrial disorders: what is relevant to the anaesthesiologist? Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2008; 21(3):350\u2013355. doi: 10.1097\/aco.0b013e3282f82bcc"},{"key":"r14","series-title":"Anesthesia and Uncommon Diseases","first-page":"96","article-title":"Muscle diseases","author":"Urban MK.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Urban MK. Muscle diseases. In: Fleisher LA, ed. Anesthesia and Uncommon Diseases. 6th ed. Elsevier; 2012:96\u2013318)."},{"key":"r15","series-title":"Braz J Anesthesiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2021.07.037","article-title":"Several challenges associated with the anesthetic management of Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy patients: case report","volume":"73","author":"Leite AI,","year":"2021","unstructured":"Leite AI, da Silva Ramos S, Cio RI, Vilhena IR, Carvalhas J. Several challenges associated with the anesthetic management of Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy patients: case report. Braz J Anesthesiol. 2021; 73:217\u2013219. doi: 10.1016\/j.bjane.2021.07.037"},{"key":"r16","series-title":"Can J Anesth","first-page":"467","article-title":"The anesthetic management of a patient with Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy for orthopedic surgery","volume":"49","author":"Aldwinckle RJ,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Aldwinckle RJ, Carr AS. The anesthetic management of a patient with Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy for orthopedic surgery. Can J Anesth. 2002; 49:467\u2013470."},{"key":"r17","series-title":"Smith\u2019s Anesthesia for Infants and Children","first-page":"1295","article-title":"Genetic and muscular disorders","author":"Colletti AA,","year":"2022","unstructured":"Colletti AA, Morgan PG, Hsieh VC. Genetic and muscular disorders. In: Smith\u2019s Anesthesia for Infants and Children. 10th ed. Elsevier; 2022:1295\u20131304."},{"key":"r18","series-title":"Stoelting\u2019s Anesthesia and Co-existing Disease","first-page":"497","article-title":"Skin and collagen disorders","author":"Charchaflieh JG.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Charchaflieh JG. Skin and collagen disorders. In: Davis PJ, Cladis FP, eds. Stoelting\u2019s Anesthesia and Co-existing Disease. 8th ed. Elsevier; 2022:497\u2013532."},{"issue":"5","key":"r19","series-title":"Can J Anesth","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03022658","article-title":"Postoperative complications in patients with oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy: a retrospective study","volume":"54","author":"Pellerin HG,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pellerin HG, Nicole PC, Tr\u00e9panier CA, Lessard MR. Postoperative complications in patients with oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy: a retrospective study. Can J Anesth. 2007; 54(5):361\u2013365. doi: 10.1007\/BF03022658"},{"issue":"2","key":"r20","series-title":"Eur J Orthod.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjx038","article-title":"Growing patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy: longitudinal changes in their dentofacial morphology and orofacial functional capacities","volume":"40","author":"Egli F,","year":"2018","unstructured":"Egli F, Botteron S, Morel C, Kiliaridis S. Growing patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy: longitudinal changes in their dentofacial morphology and orofacial functional capacities. Eur J Orthod. 2018 40(2):140\u2013148. doi: 10.1093\/ejo\/cjx038"},{"issue":"1","key":"r21","series-title":"Turk J Orthod","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.5152\/TurkJOrthod.2021.21021","article-title":"Orofacial manifestations associated with muscular dystrophies: a review","volume":"35","author":"Papaefthymiou P,","year":"2022","unstructured":"Papaefthymiou P, Kekou K, \u00d6zdemir F. Orofacial manifestations associated with muscular dystrophies: a review. Turk J Orthod. 2022; 35(1):67\u201373. doi: 10.5152\/TurkJOrthod.2021.21021"},{"issue":"7","key":"r22","series-title":"Neuromuscul Disord","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2020.06.005","article-title":"Oral bisphosphonate treatment in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy on long term glucocorticoid therapy","volume":"30","author":"Tian C,","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tian C, Wong BL, Hornung L, . Oral bisphosphonate treatment in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy on long term glucocorticoid therapy. Neuromuscul Disord. 2020; 30(7):599\u2013610. doi: 10.1016\/j.nmd.2020.06.005"}],"container-title":["Anesthesia Progress"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/anesthesiaprogress.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/anpr\/71\/1\/article-p44.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/anesthesiaprogress.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/anpr\/71\/1\/article-p44.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/anesthesiaprogress.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/anpr\/71\/1\/article-p44.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T02:20:22Z","timestamp":1779848422000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/anesthesiaprogress.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/anpr\/71\/1\/article-p44.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2344\/673191","relation":{},"ISSN":["1878-7177","0003-3006"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1878-7177","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0003-3006","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}}}