{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]],"date-time":"2024-11-07T01:10:10Z","timestamp":1730941810838,"version":"3.28.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"American Dental Society of Anesthesiology (ADSA)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Dilution of concentrated epinephrine prior to intravenous use during clinical emergencies can delay urgent interventions. The objective of this study was to determine whether diluted epinephrine remains stable and sterile over time in common hospital settings.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Epinephrine samples were prepared by clinically relevant double dilution techniques. Samples were stored in 10-mL syringes and incubated under 1 of 4 simulated hospital environments with a mixture of lighting and temperature settings: 4\u00b0C\/20\u00b0C, with or without fluorescent lighting. Samples were incubated for 0, 15, 30, 60, or 90 days. Capillary zonal electrophoresis was used to quantify the concentration of epinephrine and\/or presence of any degradation products. All samples were tested for the presence of bacterial growth using blood agar cultures.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Diluted epinephrine samples remained stable for up to 90 days in all 4 simulated clinical storage conditions. No bacterial colony-forming units were detected in any of the environmental samples regardless of incubation duration, light, or temperature conditions.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Diluted epinephrine for anticipated clinical emergencies may remain clinically useful for up to 90 days, thus improving patient safety, access to medications, and overhead costs by reducing waste.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2344\/998301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,9]],"date-time":"2024-09-09T11:07:52Z","timestamp":1725880072000},"page":"109-114","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Stability of Epinephrine in a Normal Saline Solution"],"prefix":"10.2344","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Caroline M.","family":"Sawicki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric and Public Health, University of North Carolina Adams School of Dentistry, 385 S. Columbia St., Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel B.","family":"McKim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biosciences, The Ohio State University College of Dentistry, Columbus, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongrui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, Columbus, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Morgan","family":"Vasas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, Columbus, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joshua J.","family":"Blakeslee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, Columbus, OH, USA"},{"name":"Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center Metabolite Analysis Cluster, Wooster, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Courtney A.","family":"Jatana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Dental Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University College of Dentistry, Columbus, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Dib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bryant W.","family":"Cornelius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Dental Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University College of Dentistry, Columbus, OH, USA"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Spencer D.","family":"Wade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Dental Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University College of Dentistry, Columbus, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1191","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"i1878-7177-71-3-109-b01","series-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endodontol","first-page":"401","article-title":"Epinephrine and local anesthesia revisited","volume":"100","author":"Brown R,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Brown R,Rhodus N. 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