{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T03:33:03Z","timestamp":1787887983692,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"American Dental Society of Anesthesiology (ADSA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Our aim was to characterize effectiveness and complications in children receiving oral midazolam alone, nasal midazolam alone, or oral midazolam with other sedatives. Children received oral midazolam alone, nasal midazolam, or oral midazolam in combination with other sedative medications. All subjects received a presedation history and physical examination and were sedated per protocol by any of 28 resident providers under attending supervision. Sedations were rated for success and complications by clinicians. Postoperative complications were assessed by trained staff up to 48 hours postoperatively. Seven hundred and one encounters, completed over 24 months, yielded 650 usable sedations. The majority of children were healthy (469; 68.2%) and 86% (532) weighed between 10 and 25 kg. Sedations were deemed successful in about 80% of cases. Planned treatment was completed in over 85% of encounters. Oral midazolam alone yielded the best behavior. Physical assessment factors of behavior and age were correlated (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .035) with effectiveness. Hiccups and a positive medical history were significantly related (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .049). Side effects of either nausea\/vomiting, dysphoria, or hiccups occurred in less than 10% of cases. All 3 regimens were effective with minimal postoperative complications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2344\/anpr-64-02-04","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,12]],"date-time":"2017-06-12T16:34:08Z","timestamp":1497285248000},"page":"66-72","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Safety and Efficacy of 3 Pediatric Midazolam Moderate Sedation Regimens"],"prefix":"10.2344","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Rachel","family":"Gentz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Practice, Charleston, South Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Casamassimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, The Ohio State University College of Dentistry, Columbus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Homa","family":"Amini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Professor, The Ohio State University College of Dentistry, Columbus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Claman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Clinical Professor, The Ohio State University College of Dentistry, Columbus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megann","family":"Smiley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Assistant Professor, The Ohio State University College of Dentistry, Columbus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1191","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3006-64-2-66-b01","series-title":"J Am Dent Assoc","first-page":"650","article-title":"Beyond the dmft: the human and economic cost of early childhood caries","volume":"140","author":"Casamassimo \n              PS,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Casamassimo \n              PS, \n            \n            \n              Thikkurissy \n              S, \n            \n            \n              Edelstein \n              BL, \n            \n            \n              Maiorini \n              E. \n            \n          \n          Beyond the dmft: the human and economic cost of early childhood caries. J Am Dent Assoc. 2009;140:650\u2013657."},{"key":"i0003-3006-64-2-66-b02","series-title":"Pediatr Dent","first-page":"131","article-title":"Pharmacological management of the pediatric dental patient","volume":"26","author":"Wilson \n              S.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wilson \n              S. \n            \n          \n          Pharmacological management of the pediatric dental patient. Pediatr Dent. 2004;26:131\u2013136."},{"key":"i0003-3006-64-2-66-b03","series-title":"Pediatr Dent","first-page":"209","article-title":"Guideline for monitoring and management of pediatric patients during and after sedation for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Reference manual","volume":"36","year":"2014\u20132015","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Guideline for monitoring and management of pediatric patients during and after sedation for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Reference manual. 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Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;3:CD003877."},{"key":"i0003-3006-64-2-66-b05","series-title":"Pediatr Dent","first-page":"170","article-title":"Management of child patient behavior: quality of care, fear and anxiety, and the child patient","volume":"35","author":"Wilson \n              S.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wilson \n              S. \n            \n          \n          Management of child patient behavior: quality of care, fear and anxiety, and the child patient. Pediatr Dent. 2013;35:170\u2013174."},{"key":"i0003-3006-64-2-66-b06","series-title":"Pediatr Dent","first-page":"228","article-title":"A comparison of two different dosages of oral midazolam in the same pediatric dental patients","volume":"36","author":"Peretz \n              B,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Peretz \n              B, \n            \n            \n              Kharouba \n              J, \n            \n            \n              Somri \n              M. \n            \n          \n          A comparison of two different dosages of oral midazolam in the same pediatric dental patients. 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Pediatrics. 2000; 106:633\u2013644."},{"key":"i0003-3006-64-2-66-b09","series-title":"J Calif Dent Assoc","first-page":"749","article-title":"Emergency medicine in pediatric dentistry: preparation and management","volume":"31","author":"Malamed \n              SF.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Malamed \n              SF. \n            \n          \n          Emergency medicine in pediatric dentistry: preparation and management. J Calif Dent Assoc. 2003;31:749\u2013755."},{"key":"i0003-3006-64-2-66-b10","series-title":"Sedation: A Guide to Patient Management. 5th ed","author":"Malamed \n              S.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Malamed \n              S. \n            \n          \n          Sedation: A Guide to Patient Management. 5th ed. St Louis, Mo: Elsevier;2009."},{"key":"i0003-3006-64-2-66-b11","series-title":"J Clin Pediatr Dent","first-page":"85","article-title":"Considerations for the use of enteral sedation in pediatric dentistry","volume":"32","author":"Yasny \n              JS,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yasny \n              JS, \n            \n            \n              Asgari \n              A. \n            \n          \n          Considerations for the use of enteral sedation in pediatric dentistry. 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Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1991;41:355\u2013357."},{"key":"i0003-3006-64-2-66-b13","series-title":"Anesthesiology","first-page":"233","article-title":"Plasma concentrations of midazolam in children following intranasal administration","volume":"74","author":"Walbergh \n              EJ,","year":"1991","unstructured":"Walbergh \n              EJ, \n            \n            \n              Wills \n              RJ, \n            \n            \n              Eckhert \n              J. \n            \n          \n          Plasma concentrations of midazolam in children following intranasal administration. Anesthesiology. 1991;74:233\u2013235."},{"key":"i0003-3006-64-2-66-b14","series-title":"Cah Anesthesiol","first-page":"34","article-title":"Intranasal midazolam in pediatric ophthalmology [in French]","volume":"39","author":"Gobeaux \n              D,","year":"1991","unstructured":"Gobeaux \n              D, \n            \n            \n              Sardnal \n              F, \n            \n            \n              Cohn \n              H, \n            \n            \n              Lequoy \n              O. \n            \n          \n          Intranasal midazolam in pediatric ophthalmology [in French]. Cah Anesthesiol. 1991;39:34\u201336."},{"key":"i0003-3006-64-2-66-b15","series-title":"Int J Paediatr Dent","first-page":"33","article-title":"Intra-nasal midazolam in conscious sedation of young paediatric dental patients","volume":"11","author":"al-Rakaf \n              H,","year":"2001","unstructured":"al-Rakaf \n              H, \n            \n            \n              Bello \n              LL, \n            \n            \n              Turkustani \n              A, \n            \n            \n              Adenubi \n              JO. \n            \n          \n          Intra-nasal midazolam in conscious sedation of young paediatric dental patients. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2001;11:33\u201340."},{"issue":"12","key":"i0003-3006-64-2-66-b16","series-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol","first-page":"789","article-title":"The midazolam-induced paradox phenomenon is reversible by flumazenil. Epidemiology, patient characteristics and review of the literature","volume":"18","author":"Weinbroum \n              AA,","year":"2001","unstructured":"Weinbroum \n              AA, \n            \n            \n              Szold \n              O, \n            \n            \n              Ogorek \n              D, \n            \n            \n              Flaishon \n              R. \n            \n          \n          The midazolam-induced paradox phenomenon is reversible by flumazenil. Epidemiology, patient characteristics and review of the literature. 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Pediatrics. 2000;105(4 Pt 1):805\u2013814."},{"key":"i0003-3006-64-2-66-b18","series-title":"Pediatr Dent","first-page":"411","article-title":"Postdischarge events occurring after pediatric sedation for dentistry","volume":"36","author":"Dosani \n              FZ,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dosani \n              FZ, \n            \n            \n              Flaitz \n              CM, \n            \n            \n              Whitmire \n              HC, \n            \n            \n              Vance \n              BJ, \n            \n            \n              Hill \n              JR. \n            \n          \n          Postdischarge events occurring after pediatric sedation for dentistry. Pediatr Dent. 2014;36:411\u2013416."},{"key":"i0003-3006-64-2-66-b19","series-title":"Int J Paediatr Dent","first-page":"256","article-title":"Midazolam conscious sedation in a large Danish municipal dental service for children and adolescents","volume":"18","author":"Uldum \n              B,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Uldum \n              B, \n            \n            \n              Hallonsten \n              AL, \n            \n            \n              Poulsen \n              S. \n            \n          \n          Midazolam conscious sedation in a large Danish municipal dental service for children and adolescents. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2008;18:256\u2013261."},{"key":"i0003-3006-64-2-66-b20","series-title":"Int J Paediatr Dent","first-page":"2","article-title":"Safety of oral midazolam sedation use in paediatric dentistry: a review","volume":"24","author":"Papineni \n              A,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Papineni \n              A, \n            \n            \n              Louren\u00e7o-Matharu \n              L, \n            \n            \n              Ashley \n              PF. \n            \n          \n          Safety of oral midazolam sedation use in paediatric dentistry: a review. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2014;24:2\u201313."},{"key":"i0003-3006-64-2-66-b21","series-title":"Paediatr Anaesth","first-page":"295","article-title":"Incidence and therapy of midazolam induced hiccups in paediatric anaesthesia","volume":"9","author":"Marhofer \n              P,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Marhofer \n              P, \n            \n            \n              Glaser \n              C, \n            \n            \n              Krenn \n              CG, \n            \n            \n              Grabner \n              CM, \n            \n            \n              Semsroth \n              M. \n            \n          \n          Incidence and therapy of midazolam induced hiccups in paediatric anaesthesia. Paediatr Anaesth. 1999;9:295\u2013298."},{"key":"i0003-3006-64-2-66-b22","series-title":"J Clin Pediatr Dent","first-page":"183","article-title":"A comparative evaluation of agents producing analgo-sedation in pediatric dental patients","volume":"34","author":"Padmanabhan \n              MY,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Padmanabhan \n              MY, \n            \n            \n              Pandey \n              RK, \n            \n            \n              Saksena \n              AK, \n            \n            \n              Chandra \n              G. \n            \n          \n          A comparative evaluation of agents producing analgo-sedation in pediatric dental patients. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2009;34:183\u2013188."},{"key":"i0003-3006-64-2-66-b23","series-title":"Alpha Omegan","first-page":"70","article-title":"Sedation and safety: 36 years of perspective","volume":"99","author":"Malamed \n              SF.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Malamed \n              SF. \n            \n          \n          Sedation and safety: 36 years of perspective. Alpha Omegan. 2006;99:70\u201374."},{"key":"i0003-3006-64-2-66-b24","series-title":"J Dent","first-page":"2","article-title":"What is the evidence for paediatric dental sedation?","volume":"35","author":"Matharu \n              LL,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Matharu \n              LL, \n            \n            \n              Ashley \n              PF. \n            \n          \n          What is the evidence for paediatric dental sedation?\n          J Dent. 2007;35:2\u201320."}],"container-title":["Anesthesia Progress"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/anesthesiaprogress.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/anpr\/64\/2\/article-p66.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/anesthesia-progress\/article-pdf\/64\/2\/66\/2357975\/anpr-64-02-04.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/anesthesiaprogress.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/anpr\/64\/2\/article-p66.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/anesthesiaprogress.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/anpr\/64\/2\/article-p66.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T12:37:50Z","timestamp":1728304670000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/anesthesiaprogress.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/anpr\/64\/2\/article-p66.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2344\/anpr-64-02-04","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-3006","1878-7177"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-3006","type":"print"},{"value":"1878-7177","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017]]}}}