{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T14:51:55Z","timestamp":1791816715587,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Dental Society of Anesthesiology (ADSA)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Dexmedetomidine (DEX) is a sedative and analgesic agent that acts via the alpha-2 adrenoreceptor and is associated with reduced anesthetic requirements, as well as attenuated blood pressure and heart rate in response to stressful events. A previous study reported that cat gingival blood flow was controlled via sympathetic alpha-adrenergic fibers involved in vasoconstriction. In the present study, experiment 1 focused on the relationship between the effects of DEX on alpha adrenoreceptors and vasoconstriction in the tissues of the oral cavity and compared the palatal mucosal blood flow (PMBF) in rabbits between general anesthesia with sevoflurane and sedation with DEX. We found that the PMBF was decreased by DEX presumably because of the vasoconstriction of oral mucosal vessels following alpha-2 adrenoreceptor stimulation by DEX. To assess if this vasoconstriction would allow decreased use of locally administered epinephrine during DEX infusion, experiment 2 in the present study monitored the serum lidocaine concentration in rabbits to compare the absorption of lidocaine without epinephrine during general anesthesia with sevoflurane and sedation with DEX. The depression of PMBF by DEX did not affect the absorption of lidocaine. We hypothesize that this is because lidocaine dilates the blood vessels, counteracting the effects of DEX. In conclusion, despite decreased palatal blood flow with DEX infusion, local anesthetics with vasoconstrictors should be used in implant and oral surgery even with administered DEX.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2344\/anpr-65-03-02","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,20]],"date-time":"2018-09-20T21:21:11Z","timestamp":1537478471000},"page":"168-176","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Effect of Dexmedetomidine on Oral Mucosal Blood Flow and the Absorption of Lidocaine"],"prefix":"10.2344","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Shu","family":"Tomita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Dental Anesthesiology, Department of Oral Surgery, Ohu University School of Dentistry, Fukushima, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinya","family":"Yamazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Dental Anesthesiology, Department of Oral Surgery, Ohu University School of Dentistry, Fukushima, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kohei","family":"Togami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmaceutical, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hitoshi","family":"Tada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmaceutical, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroyoshi","family":"Kawaai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Dental Anesthesiology, Department of Oral Surgery, Ohu University School of Dentistry, Fukushima, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1191","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3006-65-3-168-b01","series-title":"Br J Pharmacol","first-page":"207","article-title":"Evidence for two distinct types of postsynaptic \u03b1-adrenoceptor in vascular smooth muscle in vivo","volume":"67","author":"Drew \n              GM,","year":"1979","unstructured":"Drew \n              GM, \n            \n            \n              Whiting \n              SB. \n            \n          \n          Evidence for two distinct types of postsynaptic \u03b1-adrenoceptor in vascular smooth muscle in vivo. 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Trends Pharmacol Sci. 1997;18:211\u2013219."},{"key":"i0003-3006-65-3-168-b04","series-title":"Br J Anaesth","first-page":"684","article-title":"Comparison between dexmedetomidine and propofol for sedation in the intensive care unit: patient and clinician perceptions","volume":"87","author":"Venn \n              RM,","year":"2001","unstructured":"Venn \n              RM, \n            \n            \n              Grounds, \n              RM. \n            \n          \n          Comparison between dexmedetomidine and propofol for sedation in the intensive care unit: patient and clinician perceptions. Br J Anaesth. 2001;87:684\u2013690."},{"key":"i0003-3006-65-3-168-b05","series-title":"Anesthesiology","first-page":"346","article-title":"Perioperative sympatholysis. Beneficial effects of the \u03b12-adrenoceptor agonist mivazerol on hemodynamic stability and myocardial ischemia","volume":"86","year":"1997","unstructured":"McSPI-EUROPE Research Group. Perioperative sympatholysis. 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Anesthesiology. 1991;74:997\u20131002."},{"key":"i0003-3006-65-3-168-b08","series-title":"Anesthesiology","first-page":"108","article-title":"Oral dexmedetomidine attenuates hemodynamic responses during emergence from general anesthesia in chronically instrumented dogs","volume":"74","author":"Proctor \n              LT,","year":"1991","unstructured":"Proctor \n              LT, \n            \n            \n              Shmeling \n              WT, \n            \n            \n              Roerig \n              D, \n            \n            \n              Kampine \n              JP, \n            \n            \n              Warltier \n              DC. \n            \n          \n          Oral dexmedetomidine attenuates hemodynamic responses during emergence from general anesthesia in chronically instrumented dogs. 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Anesthesiology. 1991;74:220\u2013225."},{"key":"i0003-3006-65-3-168-b12","series-title":"Anesthesiology","first-page":"428","article-title":"The \u03b12-adrenoceptor agonist dexmedetomidine converges on an endogenous sleep-promoting pathway to exert its sedative effects","volume":"98","author":"Nelson \n              LE,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nelson \n              LE, \n            \n            \n              Lu \n              J, \n            \n            \n              Guo \n              T, \n            \n            \n              Franks \n              NP, \n            \n            \n              Maze \n              M. \n            \n          \n          The \u03b12-adrenoceptor agonist dexmedetomidine converges on an endogenous sleep-promoting pathway to exert its sedative effects. 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Br J Pharmacol. 1981;73:577\u2013579."},{"key":"i0003-3006-65-3-168-b30","series-title":"Br J Anaesth","first-page":"394","article-title":"The systemic absorption of local analgesic drugs","volume":"37","author":"Braid \n              DP,","year":"1965","unstructured":"Braid \n              DP, \n            \n            \n              Scott \n              DB. \n            \n          \n          The systemic absorption of local analgesic drugs. Br J Anaesth. 1965;37:394\u2013404."},{"key":"i0003-3006-65-3-168-b31","series-title":"Anesth Prog","first-page":"17","article-title":"Lidocaine concentration in oral tissue by the addition of epinephrine","volume":"63","author":"Tanaka \n              E,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tanaka \n              E, \n            \n            \n              Yoshida \n              K, \n            \n            \n              Kawaai \n              H, \n            \n            \n              Yamazaki \n              S. \n            \n          \n          Lidocaine concentration in oral tissue by the addition of epinephrine. 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