{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T08:13:58Z","timestamp":1793088838391,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Dental Society of Anesthesiology (ADSA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Reversal agents are defined as any drug used to counteract the pharmacologic effects of another drug. Several pharmacologic antagonists serve as essential drugs in the contemporary practices of sedation providers and anesthesiologists. Reversal or \u201cantidote\u201d drugs, such as flumazenil and naloxone, are often used in unintentional overdose situations involving significant benzodiazepine- and\/or opioid-induced respiratory depression. Within the context of skeletal muscle relaxation, neostigmine and sugammadex are routinely used to reverse the effects of nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents. In addition, the alpha-adrenergic antagonist phentolamine is used in dentistry as a local anesthetic reversal agent, decreasing its duration of action by inducing vasodilation. This review article discusses the pharmacology, uses, practical implications, adverse effects, and precautions needed for flumazenil, naloxone, neostigmine, sugammadex, and phentolamine within the context of sedation and anesthesia practice for dentistry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2344\/anpr-69-01-09","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]],"date-time":"2022-04-04T16:11:59Z","timestamp":1649088719000},"page":"49-58","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Reversal Agents in Sedation and Anesthesia Practice for Dentistry"],"prefix":"10.2344","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Michelle","family":"Wong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Anesthesiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1191","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022040416094292800_i0003-3006-69-1-49-b01","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pani\n              N,\n            \n            \n              Dongare\n              PA,\n            \n            \n              Mishra\n              RK.\n            \n          \n          Reversal agents in anaesthesia and critical care.\n\t\t\t\t\tIndian J Anaesth.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t59(10):\n\t\t\t\t\t664\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t669.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.4103\/0019-5049.167484","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5049.167484"},{"key":"2022040416094292800_i0003-3006-69-1-49-b02","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daubl\u00e4nder\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Liebaug\n              F,\n            \n            \n              Niedeggen\n              G,\n            \n            \n              Theobald\n              K,\n            \n            \n              K\u00fcrzinger\n              ML.\n            \n          \n          Effectiveness and safety of phentolamine mesylate in routine dental care.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Am Dent Assoc.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t148(3):\n\t\t\t\t\t149\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t156.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1016\/j.adaj.2016.11.017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2016.11.017"},{"key":"2022040416094292800_i0003-3006-69-1-49-b03","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Howard\n              J,\n            \n            \n              Wigley\n              J,\n            \n            \n              Rosen\n              G,\n            \n            \n              D'mello\n              J.\n            \n          \n          Glycopyrrolate: it's time to review.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Clin Anesth.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t36:\n\t\t\t\t\t51\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t53.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1016\/j.jclinane.2016.09.013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2016.09.013"},{"key":"2022040416094292800_i0003-3006-69-1-49-b04","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haas\n              DA.\n            \n          \n          Emergency drugs.\n\t\t\t\t\tAnesth Complicat Dent Off.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t46:\n\t\t\t\t\t189\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t198.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1002\/9781119053231.ch29","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119053231.ch29"},{"key":"2022040416094292800_i0003-3006-69-1-49-b05","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenberg\n              M.\n            \n          \n          Preparing for medical emergencies: the essential drugs and equipment for the dental office.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Am Dent Assoc.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t141(Spec Suppl):\n\t\t\t\t\tS14\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\tS19.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.14219\/jada.archive.2010.0351","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2010.0351"},{"key":"2022040416094292800_i0003-3006-69-1-49-b06","unstructured":"Shoar\n              NS,\n            \n            \n              Bastas\n              KG,\n            \n            \n              Saadabadi\n              A.\n            \n          \n          Flumazenil. 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