{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T19:23:21Z","timestamp":1792092201011,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,1]],"date-time":"2007-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1188604800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatr Dev Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>It has been asserted that hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) with cerebral swelling in the absence of marked trauma may be responsible for subural hemorrhage in the young. As this may have considerable implications in determining both the mechanism of death and the degree of force required to cause injury in certain cases of inflicted head injury in infancy, clarification is required. A retrospective study of 82 fetuses, infants, and toddlers with proven HIE and no trauma was undertaken from forensic institutes in Australia, the United Kingdom, Germany, Denmark, and the United States. The age range was 35 weeks gestation to 3 years, with a male to female ratio of 2:1. All cases had histologically confirmed HIE. Causes of the hypoxic episodes were temporarily resuscitated sudden infant death syndrome with delayed death (N = 30), drowning (N = 12), accidental asphyxia (N = 10), intrauterine\/delivery asphyxia (N = 8), congenital disease (N = 6), aspiration of food\/gastric contents (N = 4), inflicted asphyxia (N = 3), epilepsy (N = 1), dehydration (N = 1), drug toxicity (N = 1), complications of prematurity (N = 1), and complications of anesthesia (N = 1). The initiating event was not determined in 4 instances. In no case was there macroscopic evidence of subdural hemorrhage. In this study no support could be given to the hypothesis that HIE in the young in the absence of trauma causes subdural hemorrhage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2350\/06-08-0154.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,3]],"date-time":"2007-10-03T10:47:30Z","timestamp":1191408450000},"page":"348-350","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Lack of Evidence for a Causal Relationship between Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy and Subdural Hemorrhage in Fetal Life, Infancy, and Early Childhood"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Roger W.","family":"Byard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Pathology, University of Adelaide and Forensic Science SA, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Blumbergs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hanson Institute for Neurological Disease, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guy","family":"Rutty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East Midlands Forensic Pathology Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Sperhake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jytte","family":"Banner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry F.","family":"Krous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of the Medical Examiner, San Diego County and Department of Pathology, Rady Children's Hospital & University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-06-08-0154.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.54.4.396","volume":"54","author":"Caffey J","year":"1974","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"bibr2-06-08-0154.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s100249900156"},{"key":"bibr3-06-08-0154.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1385\/FSMP:1:1:009"},{"key":"bibr4-06-08-0154.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.328.7442.720"},{"key":"bibr5-06-08-0154.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.328.7442.719"},{"key":"bibr6-06-08-0154.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.328.7451.1316"},{"key":"bibr7-06-08-0154.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf076"},{"key":"bibr8-06-08-0154.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2990.2003.00500.x"},{"key":"bibr9-06-08-0154.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2990.2003.00501.x"},{"key":"bibr10-06-08-0154.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.paf.0000164228.79784.5a"},{"key":"bibr11-06-08-0154.1","volume-title":"Sudden Death in Infancy, Childhood and Adolescence","author":"Byard RW","year":"2004","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr12-06-08-0154.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.7.1290"},{"key":"bibr13-06-08-0154.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.7.1299"},{"key":"bibr14-06-08-0154.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2990.2003.00434.x"},{"key":"bibr15-06-08-0154.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(03)00283-4"},{"key":"bibr16-06-08-0154.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13638490410001711515"},{"key":"bibr17-06-08-0154.1","unstructured":"Supreme Court of Judicature Court of Appeal (Criminal Division). Neutral Citation Number: [2005] EWCA Crim 1980. Case Nos: 200403277, 200406902, 200405573, 200402848, Approved Judgement."},{"key":"bibr18-06-08-0154.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2005.090761"}],"container-title":["Pediatric and Developmental Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.2350\/06-08-0154.1","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.2350\/06-08-0154.1","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.2350\/06-08-0154.1","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T02:35:14Z","timestamp":1777602914000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.2350\/06-08-0154.1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.2350\/06-08-0154.1"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2350\/06-08-0154.1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1093-5266","1615-5742"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1093-5266","type":"print"},{"value":"1615-5742","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]}}}