{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T12:29:33Z","timestamp":1792067373439,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]],"date-time":"2013-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1383264000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatr Dev Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Prenatal obstruction of the lower urinary tract may result in megacystis, with subsequent development of hydroureter, hydronephrosis, and renal damage. Oligo- or anhydramnios, pulmonary hypoplasia, and prune belly syndrome are lethal consequences. Causes and mechanisms responsible for obstruction remain unclear but might be clarified by anatomic study at autopsy. To this end, we employed 2 methods of tomographic imaging\u2014optical projection tomography and contrast-enhanced microCT scanning\u2014to elucidate the anatomy of the intact urinary bladder and urethra in 10 male fetuses with lower urinary tract obstruction. Images were compared with those from 9 age-matched controls. Three-dimensional images, rotated and sectioned digitally in multiple planes, permitted thorough examination while preserving specimens for later study. Both external and internal features of the bladder and urethra were demonstrated; small structures (ie, urethral crest, verumontanum, prostatic utricle, ejaculatory ducts) were seen in detail. Types of obstruction consisted of urethral atresia ( n = 5), severe urethral stenosis ( n = 2), urethral diaphragm ( n = 2), or physical kinking ( n = 1); classic (Young type I) posterior urethral valves were not encountered. Traditional light microscopy was then used to verify tomographic findings. The prostate gland was hypoplastic or absent in all cases; in 1, prostatic tissue was displaced inferior to the verumontanum. Findings support previous views that dissection may produce valve-like artifacts (eg, bisection of an obstructing diaphragm) and that deformation of an otherwise normal urethra may result in megacystis. The designation \u201cposterior urethral valves\u201d should not be used as a generic expression of urethral obstruction unless actual valves are demonstrated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2350\/13-08-1359-oa.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,26]],"date-time":"2013-08-26T16:38:22Z","timestamp":1377535102000},"page":"405-414","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Microtomographic Analysis of Lower Urinary Tract Obstruction"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Joseph R.","family":"Siebert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratories, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"},{"name":"Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth J.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liza L.","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian A.","family":"Glass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"},{"name":"Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medical Genetics, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy C.","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"},{"name":"Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-13-08-1359-OA.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)74179-1"},{"key":"bibr2-13-08-1359-OA.1","volume-title":"Congenital Malformations of the Rectum, Anus and Genito-Urinary Tracts","author":"Stevens 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