{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T14:46:41Z","timestamp":1782312401354,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Mattioli1885","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The risk assessment for video display terminal (VDT) operators in occupational settings often relies on indirect estimates, such as self-reported screen time, which may not accurately reflect the true visual workload. The objective is to assess visual workload in VDT workers by measuring active screen fixation time with a non-invasive monitoring system and to explore its relationship with ocular surface alterations and fatigue-related indicators. Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted on 38 administrative workers employed at a hospital booking center. Active VDT screen fixation, as well as shift duration and time spent in front of the VDT screen, were objectively measured using a patented video-based monitoring system. Ophthalmological evaluation included the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI\u00ae), tear break-up time (BUT), and slit-lamp examination. Other investigated markers included blink rate, the Percentage of Eyelid Closure over the Pupil over Time (PERCLOS), and the Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS). Results: Active screen fixation accounted for approximately 60% of the total recorded working time. Ophthalmological assessment identified alterations of the ocular surface in a substantial proportion of workers, with pathological BUT values observed in nearly half (47%) of the study population. No statistically significant associations were found between objectively measured fixation time and ocular or fatigue-related outcomes. PERCLOS80 and blink rate values remained within physiological ranges across the work shift. Conclusions: Objective measurement of screen fixation provides a more accurate characterization of visual workload among VDT workers than indirect exposure estimates and may support occupational health surveillance and risk assessment in VDT-exposed workers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.23749\/mdl.2026.18795","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T13:54:17Z","timestamp":1782309257000},"page":"18795","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Objective Assessment of Visual Workload in Video Display Terminal Workers Using a Non-Invasive Monitoring System"],"prefix":"10.23749","volume":"117","author":[{"given":"Edoardo","family":"Marelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Occupational Health and Industrial Hygiene, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Ruongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Occupational Health and Industrial Hygiene, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Beschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Unit, ASST SpedaliCivili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Eye Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicol\u00f2","family":"Valsecchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Unit, ASST SpedaliCivili di Brescia,Brescia, Italy; Eye Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vito","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Unit, ASST SpedaliCivili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Eye Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Semeraro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Unit, ASST SpedaliCivili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Eye Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Dalola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Sala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Occupational Health and Industrial Hygiene, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cesare","family":"Tomasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Occupational Health and Industrial Hygiene, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vittorio","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"De Palma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Occupational Health and Industrial Hygiene, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27750","reference":[{"key":"10.23749\/mdl.2026.18795_ref1","unstructured":"1. 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