{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T14:46:49Z","timestamp":1782312409785,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Mattioli1885","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Pancreatic cancer is a highly lethal malignancy with poor prognosis and limited treatment options. Environmental exposures, particularly to heavy metals such as cadmium, may contribute to its etiology. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the association between cadmium exposure from different sources and pancreatic cancer incidence or mortality. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, we searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus. Eighteen studies comprising 20 risk estimates were included. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted overall and stratified by exposure source, gender, region, study design, and outcome. Dose-response relationships were assessed using meta-regression of cadmium exposure measures. Publication bias was evaluated using funnel plots and Egger\u2019s test.Results: Overall, cadmium exposure was associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer [relative risk (RR) = 1.69, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.28-2.22]. Occupational exposure showed the most consistent association (RR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.19-1.61), followed by urinary and blood\/serum biomarkers. Risk was higher in men than in women, and in case-control than in cohort studies. Dose-response analysis did not reveal a linear trend. There was limited evidence of publication bias overall, though some asymmetry was observed for urinary cadmium studies (P = 0.045). Conclusion: Cadmium exposure was associated with pancreatic cancer risk, particularly in occupational and biomarker-based studies. While findings support a potential causal link, heterogeneity, residual confounding, and limited dose-response data necessitate cautious interpretation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.23749\/mdl.2026.19093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T13:54:07Z","timestamp":1782309247000},"page":"19093","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cadmium Exposure and Risk of Pancreatic Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.23749","volume":"117","author":[{"given":"Monireh Sadat","family":"Seyyedsalehi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Ciaccio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa Francesca","family":"Marra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Boffetta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. 2 Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA. 3 Department of Family, Population and Preventive Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook Uni-versity, Stony Brook, NY, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"27750","reference":[{"key":"10.23749\/mdl.2026.19093_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"1. 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