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To date, the association between carbon monoxide (CO) and mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) has not been examined. Methods: Among 134,478 dialysis patients in the Korean ESRD cohort between 2001 and 2014, 8,130 deceased hemodialysis patients were enrolled, and data were analyzed using bidirectional, unidirectional, and time-stratified case-crossover design. We examined the association between short-term CO concentration and mortality in patients with ESRD. We used a two-pollutant model, adjusted for temperature as a climate factor and for nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3), and particulate matter less than 10 \u03bcm in diameter as air pollution variables other than CO. Results: Characteristics of the study population included age (66.2 \u00b1 12.1 years), sex (male, 59.1%; female, 40.9%), and comorbidities (diabetes, 55.6%; hypertension, 14.4%). Concentration of CO was significantly associated with all-cause mortality in the three case-crossover designs using the two-pollutant model adjusted for SO2. Patients with diabetes or age older than 75 years had a higher risk of mortality than patients without diabetes or those younger than 75 years. Conclusion: Findings presented here suggest that higher CO concentration is correlated with increased all-cause mortality in hemodialysis patients, especially in older high-risk patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.23876\/j.krcp.21.228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,4]],"date-time":"2022-05-04T07:53:23Z","timestamp":1651650803000},"page":"601-610","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23876\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Ambient carbon monoxide correlates with mortality risk of hemodialysis patients: comparing results of control\nselection in the case-crossover 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