{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T07:02:46Z","timestamp":1772175766028,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770681600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ophrp.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["PHRP"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: Non-communicable disease (NCD) risk among adolescents represents a growing concern due to modifiable, lifestyle-related behavioral risk factors. Early identification and control of these factors are essential for prevention. This study assessed the correlates and co-occurrence of NCD-related lifestyle risk factors among school-going adolescents in Karnataka, India, aiming to inform intervention development.Methods: Screening was conducted among 1,100 school adolescents aged 13\u201316 years from 8 randomly selected urban and rural schools in Karnataka. Data were collected using a validated self-administered questionnaire covering sociodemographic characteristics and social cognitive theory predictors of lifestyle practices. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and logistic regression were employed.Results: Of the 1,100 adolescents surveyed, 552 and 548 were from urban and rural areas, respectively. Both groups reported high rates of insufficient fruit and vegetable (FV) intake (96.7% and 67.7%, respectively), inadequate physical activity (96.7% and 68.6%), tobacco use (5.6% and 11.5%), and alcohol consumption (5.6% and 10.8%). On logistic regression, urban adolescents were significantly more likely than rural peers to exhibit multiple behavioral risk factors, with 19-fold higher odds of having \u22651 factor (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 19.04; p&lt;0.001) and 4-fold higher odds of having \u22652 (AOR, 4.06; p&lt;0.001). Parental (particularly maternal) education was associated with NCD risk (AOR, 1.82; p=0.001). Physical inactivity significantly co-occurred with low FV intake (71.7%) and junk food consumption (72.8%).Conclusion: Unhealthy lifestyle behaviors among adolescents displayed significant co-occurrence, underscoring the critical need for comprehensive, theory-based school interventions to address multiple interconnected risk factors and mitigate the burden of NCDs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.24171\/j.phrp.2025.0204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T04:41:38Z","timestamp":1770698498000},"page":"83-93","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24171\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Correlates and co-occurrence of risk factors for non-communicable diseases among adolescents in schools in Karnataka, India: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.24171","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6567-9067","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tejaswini Bangalore","family":"Darukaradhya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0224-2543","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Krishnamurthy","family":"Jayanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6006-0633","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shivaraj Nallur","family":"Somanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2769-6536","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sony","family":"Sequeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1678-1254","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shalini Chandrashekar","family":"Nooyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"31909","reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"Non-communicable diseases key facts by WHO [Internet]","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref2","volume-title":"Non-communicable diseases [Internet]","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09988-5"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30574\/wjarr.2020.8.2.0394"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18203\/2394-6040.ijcmph20234161"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102067"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18203\/2394-6040.ijcmph20230632"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00579-1"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"5","volume-title":"Healthcare inequality: bridging the gap in rural and urban areas in India","author":"Jangid","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(12)60149-4"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"2484","volume-title":"Social media addiction and its impact on mental health among adolescents","author":"Abinayaa","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-21268-0"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-044066"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7320-1"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"185","volume-title":"Health behaviours &amp; 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