{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T04:13:49Z","timestamp":1769141629369,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Polish Academy of Sciences Chancellery","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>To identify the mineral grade ore, two distinct Malaysian ilmenite ores (FeTiO3) from different placers deposits were examined. The sources of ilmenite ore were the Kinta Valley in Perak and the Langkawi Black Sand Beach in Kedah. Both of the ores were reduced by palm char as a sustainable carbon reductant. The study examined carbon characteristics and phase transitions following carbothermal reduction at 1550\u00b0C. Prior to the studies, the reductant palm char was characterized by XRF, BET surface area measurement, SEM, and ultimate with proximate analyses. It is shown that the palm char had low moisture (4.10 wt.%) and high fixed carbon (75.40 wt.%). The high carbon content, volatile matter, and porous structure of palm char played a significant role in the gas generated during the carbothermal reduction of ilmenite ores. Carbothermal reduction of both ilmenite ores with palm char-produced rutile, iron, titanium carbide, and pseudobrookite. The XRF analysis exhibits the existence of 18.41 and 35.76 wt.% of Fe and TiO2 respectively in Perak ilmenite ore. While Langkawi ilmenite ore shows 9.28 and 22.72 wt.% of Fe and TiO2 respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.24425\/amm.2024.151419","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T04:17:48Z","timestamp":1734409068000},"page":"1491-1499","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Effect of Palm Char Properties on Malaysian Ilmenite Ores by Carbothermal Reduction"],"prefix":"10.24425","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5381-166X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N.A.","family":"Nasrun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, 02600 Arau Perlis, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1256-0286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N.F.M.","family":"Yunos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering & Technology, 02600 Arau Perlis, Malaysia"},{"name":"Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Frontier Materials Research, Centre of Excellence (FrontMate), Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7596-4635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.A.","family":"Idris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, 02600 Arau Perlis, Malaysia"},{"name":"Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Frontier Materials Research, Centre of Excellence (FrontMate), Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3899-5694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N.A.","family":"Halif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, 02600 Arau Perlis, Malaysia"},{"name":"Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Frontier Materials Research, Centre of Excellence (FrontMate), Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5733-332X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T.","family":"Nomura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hokkaido University, Centre for Advance d Research of Energy and Materials, Kita 13 Nishi 8 Kita-Ku Sapporo 060-8628, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"37468","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"container-title":["Archives of Metallurgy and Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"pl","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.pan.pl\/Content\/133544\/AMM-2024-4-29-Yunos.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T12:11:01Z","timestamp":1768824661000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.pan.pl\/dlibra\/publication\/151419\/edition\/133544\/content"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24425\/amm.2024.151419","relation":{},"ISSN":["2300-1909"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2300-1909","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]}}}