{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T14:41:16Z","timestamp":1765896076164,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":1,"publisher":"Polish Academy of Sciences Chancellery","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present study was conducted to evaluate the ameliorative effect of Brassica juncea (BJ) leaves methanol extract against aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) induced toxicity in rats. Thirty-six male albino rats, six weeks old (weighing 140-190 g), were randomly assigned into 6 groups (n=6). AFB1 (200 \u03bcg\/kg b.w., orally) was given to rats on alternate days and Brassica juncea extract (BJE) (300 and 600 mg\/kg b.w., orally) in combination with AFB1 on successive days for 28 days. AFB1 exposure significantly elevated hepatic and kidney function parameters. Moreover, AFB1 markedly reduced antioxidant enzymes, elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and altered the gene expression of the NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) gene and the caspase-3 gene, promoting redox stress and apoptosis. Co-administration of silymarin (100 mg\/kg b.w.) and BJE (300 and 600 mg\/kg b.w.) significantly restored the liver, lung and kidney tissue biochemical markers, enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-\u03b1). Additionally, BJE significantly ameliorated the mitochondrial dysfunction, redox imbalance and tissue damage caused by AFB1. BJE significantly upregulated the mRNA and protein expression levels of the Nrf2 gene while downregulating the expression of cleaved caspase-3. Therefore, the results clearly indicate that BJ could potentially alleviate AFB1-induced toxicity due to its antioxidant, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.24425\/pjvs.2025.156080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T14:20:06Z","timestamp":1765894806000},"page":"529-529","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ameliorative potential of mustard greens (Brassica juncea) leaf extract on aflatoxin B1-induced toxicity: An in vivo study in rats"],"prefix":"10.24425","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Parveen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Ullah Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Shahbaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Q.","family":"Raza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Syed Abdul Qadir Jilani Outfall Road, Lahore-54000, Punjab, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"37468","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","unstructured":"Abed DA, Goldstein M, Albanyan H, Jin H, Hu L (2015) Discovery of direct inhibitors of Keap1-Nrf2 protein \u2013 protein interaction as potential therapeutic and preventive agents. Acta Pharm Sin B 5: 285-299. Ajmal M, Bedale W, Akram A, Yu JH (2022) Comprehensive review of aflatoxin contamination, impact on health and food security, and management strategies in Pakistan. Toxins (Basel) 14: 845. Al-Shahari EA, El-Kott AF, Abdelaal K, Alm-Eldeen AA (2022) Protective Eeffects of L-arginine against AFB1-induced renal oxidative stress and histological changes in mice. Fresenius Environ Bull 31: 5263-5268. Albadrani GM, Altyar AE, Kensara OA, Haridy MA, Zaazouee MS, Elshanbary AA, Sayed AA, Abdel-Daim MM (2024) Effects of alfa lipoic acid and coenzyme Q10 treatment on AFB1-induced oxidative, inflammatory, and DNA damages in rats. Toxicon 249: 108083. AOAC (2000) Official Methods of Analysis. 17th ed., The Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Gaithersburg, MD, USA. Benkerroum N (2020) Chronic and acute toxicities of aflatoxins: Mechanisms of action. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17: 423. Chen YY, Lin Y, Han PY, Jiang S, Che L, He CY, Lin YC, Lin ZN (2019) HBx combined with AFB1 triggers hepatic steatosis via COX\u20102\u2010mediated necrosome formation and mitochondrial dynamics disorder. J Cell Mol Med 23: 5920-5933. Cheng K, Niu J, Zheng X, Qiao Y, Zhang J, Guo R, Dong G, Song Z, Huang J, Wang J (2023) Aflatoxin B1 exposure induced hepatic injury could be alleviated by polydatin through reducing oxidative stress, inhibiting inflammation and improving mitophagy. Toxics 11: 309. Cordiano R, Di Gioacchino M, Mangifesta R, Panzera C, Gangemi S, Minciullo PL (2023) Malondialdehyde as a potential oxidative stress marker for allergy-oriented diseases: an update. Molecules 28: 5979. Duan E, Gao W, Liu C, Wang J, Su L, Qiao H, Wang P, Huang J, Gan L (2025) Protective effect of mannose oligosaccharides on cadmium-induced hepatic oxidative damage in rats. Pol J Vet Sci 28: 311-320. El\u2010Mekkawy HI, Al\u2010Kahtani MA, Shati AA, Alshehri MA, Al\u2010Doaiss AA, Elmansi AA, Ahmed AE (2020) Black tea and curcumin synergistically mitigate the hepatotoxicity and nephropathic changes induced by chronic exposure to aflatoxin\u2010B1 in Sprague\u2013Dawley rats. J Food Biochem 44: e13346. Gao X, Xu J, Jiang L, Liu W, Hong H, Qian Y, Li S, Huang W, Zhao H, Yang Z (2021) Morin alleviates aflatoxin B1induced liver and kidney injury by inhibiting heterophil extracellular traps release, oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in chicks. Poult Sci 100: 101513. Gowda N, Ledoux D (2008) Use of antioxidants in amelioration of mycotoxin toxicity: A review. Anim Nutr Feed Technol 8: 1-11. Grzegorczyk I, Matkowski A, Wysoki\u0144ska H (2007) Antioxidant activity of extracts from in vitro cultures of Salvia officinalis L. Food Chem 104: 536-541. Gugliandolo E, Peritore AF, D\u2019Amico R, Licata P, Crupi R (2020) Evaluation of neuroprotective effects of quercetin against aflatoxin B1-intoxicated mice. Animals 10: 898. Harborne JB (1998) Phytochemical methods a guide to modern techniques of plant analysis. 3rd ed., Springer, London, pp 302. Hassaneen NH, Hemeda SA, El Nahas AF, Fadl SE, El-Diasty EM (2023) Ameliorative effects of camel milk and silymarin upon aflatoxin B1 induced hepatic injury in rats. Sci Rep 13: 15092. Hatipoglu D, Keskin E (2022) The effect of curcumin on some cytokines, antioxidants and liver function tests in rats induced by Aflatoxin B1. Heliyon 8: e09890. Hua H, Sheng J, Cui Y, Zhang W, Hu B, Cheng Y, Guo Y, Qian H (2021) The intervention and mechanism of action for aloin against subchronic aflatoxin B1 induced hepatic injury in rats. Int J Mol Sci 22: 11620. Ijaz MU, Ishtiaq A, Tahir A, Alvi MA, Rafique A, Wang P, Zhu GP (2023) Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects of genkwanin against aflatoxin B1-induced testicular toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 481: 116750. \u0130rak K, \u00c7elik \u00d6, Bolacal\u0131 M, Tufan T, \u00d6zcan S, Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m S, Bolat \u0130 (2024) Investigation of the protective effect of chitosan against arsenic-induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative damage in rat kidney tissue. Pol J Vet Sci 27: 95-105. Ismail AEM, Soliman SM, Ashry M (2024) Therapeutic and antioxidant effects of lactoperoxidase on aflatoxin B1induced nephrotoxicity in adult male rats. Egypt Pharm J 23: 437-444. Karaca A, Yilmaz S, Kaya E, Altun S (2021) The effect of lycopene on hepatotoxicity of aflatoxin B1 in rats. Arch Physiol Biochem 127: 429-436. Karatekeli S, Demirel HH, Zemheri-Navruz F, Ince S (2023) Boron exhibits hepatoprotective effect together with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic pathways in rats exposed to aflatoxin B1. J Trace Elem Med Biol 77: 127. Kim HY, Yokozawa T, Cho EJ CE, Cheigh HS, Choi JS, Chung HY (2003) In vitro and in vivo antioxidant effects of mustard leaf (Brassica juncea). Phytother Res 17: 465-471. Kumar V, Thakur AK, Barothia ND, Chatterjee SS (2011) Therapeutic potentials of Brassica juncea: an overview. CellMed 1: 1-16. Li M, Kong Y, Guo W, Wu X, Zhang J, Lai Y, Kong Y, Niu X, Wang G (2022) Dietary aflatoxin B1 caused the growth inhibition, and activated oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway, inducing apoptosis and inflammation in the liver of northern snakehead (Channa argus). Sci Total Environ 850: 157997. Lin JX, Xu CY, Wu XM, Che L, Li TY, Mo SM, Guo DB, Lin ZN, Lin YC (2023) Rab7a-mTORC1 signaling-mediated cholesterol trafficking from the lysosome to mitochondria ameliorates hepatic lipotoxicity induced by aflatoxin B1 exposure. Chemosphere 320: 138071. Liu H, Xie R, Huang W, Yang Y, Zhou M, Lu B, Li B, Tan B, Dong X (2023) Negative effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in the diet on growth performance, protein and lipid metabolism, and liver health of juvenile hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus\u2640\u00d7 Epinephelus lanceolatus\u2642). Aquac Rep 33: 101779. Mohammad KK, Ghazi-Khansari M, Hayati F, Staji H, Keywanloo M, Shahroozian E (2017) The role of TNF-\u03b1 in aflatoxin B-1 induced hepatic toxicity in isolated perfused rat liver model. Acta Med Iran 55: 416-421. Moloi TP, Ziqubu K, Mazibuko-Mbeje SE, Mabaso NH, Ndlovu Z (2024) Aflatoxin B1-induced hepatotoxicity through mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation as central pathological mechanisms: A review of experimental evidence. Toxicol 509: 153983. Mostafa HE, Allithy ANA, Abdellatif NA, Anani M, Fareed SA, El-Shafei DA, El-Din EAA (2021) Amelioration of pulmonary aflatoxicosis by green tea extract: An in vivo study. Toxicon 189: 48-55. Owumi S, Najophe ES, Farombi EO, Oyelere AK (2020) Gallic acid protects against Aflatoxin B1\u2010induced oxidative and inflammatory stress damage in rats kidneys and liver. J Food Biochem 44: e13316. Pei J, Pan X, Wei G, Hua Y (2023) Research progress of glutathione peroxidase family (GPX) in redoxidation. Front Pharmacol 14: 1147414. Rushing BR, Selim MI (2019) Aflatoxin B1: A review on metabolism, toxicity, occurrence in food, occupational exposure, and detoxification methods. Food Chem Toxicol 124: 81-100. Salam HMA, Soliman SME, Gadelmawla MHA, Ashry M (2023) The Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Lactoferrin Nanoparticles on the Aflatoxin B1-induced Hepatotoxicity in Male Rats. Iran J Toxicol 17: 42-49. Saleem U, Bibi S, Shah MA, Ahmad B, Saleem A, Chauhdary Z, Anwar F, Javaid N, Hira S, Akhtar MF, Shah GM, Khan MS, Muhammad H, Qasim M, Alqarni M, Algarni MA, Blundell R, Vargas-De-La-Cruz C, Herrera-Calderon O, Alhasani RH (2021) Anti-Parkinson\u2019s evaluation of Brassica juncea leaf extract and underlying mechanism of its phytochemicals. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 26: 1031-1051. \u015eeng\u00fcl S, \u0130\u00e7en Ta\u015fk\u0131n I, A\u015f\u0131r F, Eraslan \u015eakar A, Pektan\u00e7 \u015eeng\u00fcl G (2024) Melatonin prevents nicotine-induced hepatotoxicity by modulating apoptosis and histopathological changes in rats. Pol J Vet Sci 27: 589\u2013597. Shankar S, Segaran G, Sundar RDV, Settu S, Sathiavelu M (2019) Brassicaceae A classical review on its pharmacological activities. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res 55: 107-113. Sharma V, Patial V (2021) Food mycotoxins: Dietary interventions implicated in the prevention of mycotoxicosis. ACS Food Sci Technol 1: 1717-1739. Subramaniam S, Sabran MR, Stanslas J, Kirby BP (2022) Effect of aflatoxin B1 exposure on the progression of depressive-like behavior in rats. Front Nutr 9: 1032810. Valavala VK, Vangipurapu RK, Banam VR, Pulukurthi UMR, Turlapati NR (2011) Effect of mustard (brassica juncea) leaf extract on streptozotocin\u2010induced diabetic cataract in wistar rats. J Food Biochem 35: 109-124. Wang S, Zhang C, Yang J, Wang X, Wu K, Zhang B, Zhang J, Yang A, Rajput SA, Qi D (2020) Sodium butyrate protects the intestinal barrier by modulating intestinal host defense peptide expression and gut microbiota after a challenge with deoxynivalenol in weaned piglets. J Agric Food Chem 68: 4515-4527. Wang SN, Lee KT, Ker CG (2010) Leptin in hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 16: 5801-5809. Wang X, He Y, Tian J, Muhammad I, Liu M, Wu C, Xu C, Zhang X (2021) Ferulic acid prevents aflatoxin B1-induced liver injury in rats via inhibiting cytochrome P450 enzyme, activating Nrf2\/GST pathway and regulating mitochondrial pathway. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 224: 112624. Wang Y, Liu F, Zhou X, Liu M, Zang H, Liu X, Shan A, Feng X (2022) Alleviation of oral exposure to aflatoxin B1-induced renal dysfunction, oxidative stress, and cell apoptosis in mice kidney by curcumin. Antioxidants (Basel) 11: 1082. Wu G, San J, Pang H, Du Y, Li W, Zhou X, Yang X, Hu J, Yang J (2022) Taurine attenuates AFB1-induced liver injury by alleviating oxidative stress and regulating mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. Toxicon 215: 17-27. Xu W, Che Y, Zhang Q, Huang H, Ding C, Wang Y, Wang G, Cao L, Hao H (2021) Apaf-1 pyroptosome senses mitochondrial permeability transition. Cell metab 33: 424-436. e410. Yilmaz S, Kaya E, Karaca A, Karatas O (2018) Aflatoxin B1 induced renal and cardiac damage in rats: protective effect of lycopene. Res Vet Sci 119: 268-275. Zhang L, Shi S, Liu Y, Cui Y, Zhu Y, Bao Y, Chen B, Shi W (2023) Aflatoxin B1 triggers apoptosis in rabbit hepatocytes via mediating oxidative stress and switching on the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 264: 115478. Zhang T, Ma C, Zhang Z, Zhang H, Hu H (2021) NF\u2010\u03baB signaling in inflammation and cancer. MedComm 2: 618-653. Zhao L, Feng Y, Deng J, Zhang NY, Zhang WP, Liu XL, Rajput SA, Qi DS, Sun LH (2019) Selenium deficiency aggravates aflatoxin B1-induced immunotoxicity in chick spleen by regulating 6 selenoprotein genes and redox\/ inflammation\/apoptotic signaling. J Nutr 149: 894-901. &nbsp;"}],"container-title":["Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"pl","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.pan.pl\/Content\/137621\/PDF\/3%20_%20Parveen.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T14:28:18Z","timestamp":1765895298000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.pan.pl\/dlibra\/publication\/156080\/edition\/137621\/content"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"references-count":1,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24425\/pjvs.2025.156080","relation":{},"ISSN":["1505-1773"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1505-1773"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]}}}