{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T14:38:25Z","timestamp":1765895905737,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":2,"publisher":"Polish Academy of Sciences Chancellery","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urinalysis is a fundamental diagnostic tool in veterinary medicine used to detect urinary tract diseases and systemic conditions. This study assessed the impact of polypropylene-based urine collection litter on the reliability of urinalysis results in cats. Urine samples from fifty feline patients were divided into native and litter-exposed aliquots and analyzed using dipstick testing, refractometry and sediment examination. Significant decreases in leukocyte counts and inconsistencies in ketone and glucose measurements were observed following litter exposure, while protein, pH and red blood cell counts remained unchanged. Sediment analysis revealed increased background contamination in litter-treated samples. These results indicate that while polypropylene-based litter facilitates urine collection, it may affect the accuracy of selected urinalysis parameters and should therefore be used primarily for preliminary diagnostic assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.24425\/pjvs.2025.157281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T14:19:39Z","timestamp":1765894779000},"page":"667-667","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluating the impact of polypropylene-based cat litter on urinalysis reliability in feline patients"],"prefix":"10.24425","author":[{"given":"K.","family":"Walas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture in Krak\u00f3w, Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Rymar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture in Krak\u00f3w, Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Ciesielska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Veterinary Polyclinic, University of Agriculture in Krak\u00f3w, Krakowska 2, 30-199 Rz\u0105ska, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"G\u00f3rska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical University of Lublin, Chod\u017aki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Siemi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious and Invasive Diseases and Public Health Protection, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture in Krak\u00f3w, R\u0119dzina 1 C, 30-248 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"37468","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"#cr-split#-ref0.1","unstructured":"Brewster S, Curtis L, Poole R (2017) Urine versus blood ketones. Practical Diabetes 34: 13-15. Delport PC, Fourie LJ (2005) Katkor cat litter, a non-invasive method of collecting cat urine for phosphate determination. J S Afr Vet Assoc 76: 233-234. Devill\u00e9 WL, Yzermans JC, Van Duijn NP, Bezemer PD, Van Der Windt DA, Bouter LM (2004) The urine dipstick test useful to rule out infections. A meta-analysis of the accuracy. BMC Urol 4: 1-14. Kennils JM, Maunder CL, Costa MT (2022) The effect of non-absorbent hydrophobic sand litter on the urine protein-to-creatinine ratio in feline urine. Vet Clin Pathol 51: 385-390. Kouri TT, Hofmann W, Falbo R, Oyaert M, Schubert S, Gertsen JB, Merens A, Pestel-Caron M (2024) The EFLM European Urinalysis Guideline 2023. Clin Chem Lab Med 62: 1653-1786. Mitchell R, Thomas SD, Langlois NE (2013) How sensitive and specific is urinalysis \"dipstick\" testing for detection of hyperglycaemia and ketosis? An audit of findings from coronial autopsies. Pathology 45: 587-590. Mortier F, Daminet S, Duchateau L, Marynissen SJ, Paepe D (2023) Comparison of cystocentesis versus home sampling to determine urinary protein: Creatinine ratio and urine specific gravity in cats. J Vet Intern Med 37: 1401-1408. National Research Council"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref0.2","unstructured":"(US) Committee on Toxicology (1984) Emergency and Continuous Exposure Limits for Selected Airborne Contaminants. National Academies Press, pp 5-26. Parikh PC, Souza SD, Obeid W (2025) Changes in the composition of urine over six hours using urine dipstick analysis and automated microscopy. BMC Nephrol 26: 11. Pelligand L, Lees P, Elliott J (2011) Development and validation of a timed urinary collection system for use in the cat. Lab Anim 45: 196-203. Piech TL, Wycislo KL (2019) Importance of Urinalysis. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 49: 233-245. Piyarungsri K, Tangtrongsup S, Thitaram N, Lekklar P, Kittinuntasilp A (2020) Prevalence and risk factors of feline lower urinary tract disease in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Scientific Reports 2020 10: 1-8. Reppas G, Foster SF (2016) Practical urinalysis in the cat: 1: Urine macroscopic examination 'tips and traps.' J Feline Med Surg 18: 190. Tomasik P Sztefko K Pietrzyk JA (2012) Test paskowy jako wst\u0119p do diagnostyki klinicznej chor\u00f3b nerek u dzieci. Klin. Pediatr 20: 243-248. Yadav SN, Ahmed N, Nath AJ, Mahanta D, Kalita MK (2020) Urinalysis in dog and cat: A review. Vet World 13: 2133-2141."}],"container-title":["Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"pl","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.pan.pl\/Content\/137630\/PDF\/17%20_%20Walas%20_%20Short.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T14:27:02Z","timestamp":1765895222000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.pan.pl\/dlibra\/publication\/157281\/edition\/137630\/content"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"references-count":2,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24425\/pjvs.2025.157281","relation":{},"ISSN":["1505-1773"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1505-1773"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]}}}