{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T15:12:12Z","timestamp":1786374732280,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,8]]},"DOI":"10.2459\/jcm.0b013e3283376bfa","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,1]],"date-time":"2010-09-01T08:56:30Z","timestamp":1283331390000},"page":"563-570","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Diuretic therapy in heart failure: current controversies and new approaches for fluid removal"],"prefix":"10.2459","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Filippo","family":"Brandimarte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gian Francesco","family":"Mureddu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Boccanelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Cacciatore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camillo","family":"Brandimarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Fedele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihai","family":"Gheorghiade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-4-20210207","first-page":"e21","article-title":"Heart disease and stroke statistics\u20142009 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee","volume":"119","author":"Lloyd-Jones","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"R2-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.03.061","article-title":"Heart failure-related hospitalization in the U.S., 1979 to 2004","volume":"52","author":"Fang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"R3-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-668X(02)00823-0","article-title":"The EuroHeart Failure survey programme: a survey on the quality of care among patients with heart failure in Europe. Part 1: patient characteristics and diagnosis","volume":"24","author":"Cleland","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"R4-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi845","article-title":"Nationwide survey on acute heart failure in cardiology ward services in Italy","volume":"27","author":"Tavazzi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"R5-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2004.08.005","article-title":"Characteristics and outcomes of patients hospitalized for heart failure in the United States: rationale, design, and preliminary observations from the first 100,000 cases in the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE)","volume":"149","author":"Adams","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"R6-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2004.03.004","article-title":"Organized Program to Initiate Lifesaving Treatment in Hospitalized Patients with Heart Failure (OPTIMIZE-HF): rationale and design","volume":"148","author":"Fonarow","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"R7-4-20210207","first-page":"S12","article-title":"Congestion is an important diagnostic and therapeutic target in heart failure","volume":"7","author":"Gheorghiade","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"R8-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4A","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2006.11.025","article-title":"Review of current and investigational pharmacologic agents for acute heart failure syndromes","volume":"99","author":"Shin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"R9-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.11.013","article-title":"2009 Focused update incorporated into the ACC\/AHA 2005 Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Developed in Collaboration With the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation","volume":"53","author":"Hunt","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"R11-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9236(97)90067-9","article-title":"Increased toxicity of high-dose furosemide versus low-dose dopamine in the treatment of refractory congestive heart failure","volume":"62","author":"Cotter","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"R12-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)08417-1","article-title":"Randomised trial of high-dose isosorbide dinitrate plus low-dose furosemide versus high-dose furosemide plus low-dose isosorbide dinitrate in severe pulmonary oedema","volume":"351","author":"Cotter","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R13-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.100.12.1311","article-title":"Diuretics and risk of arrhythmic death in patients with left ventricular dysfunction","volume":"100","author":"Cooper","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"R14-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi890","article-title":"Heart failure, chronic diuretic use, and increase in mortality and hospitalization: an observational study using propensity score methods","volume":"27","author":"Ahmed","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"R15-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2006.03.006","article-title":"Diuretic use, progressive heart failure, and death in patients in the DIG study","volume":"12","author":"Domanski","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"key":"R16-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2005.12.072","article-title":"Relation of loop diuretic dose to mortality in advanced heart failure","volume":"97","author":"Eshaghian","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"R17-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejheart.2007.07.011","article-title":"Relation between dose of loop diuretics and outcomes in a heart failure population: results of the ESCAPE trial","volume":"9","author":"Hasselblad","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"R18-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1159\/000164149","article-title":"Impact of intravenous loop diuretics on outcomes of patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure: insights from the ADHERE registry","volume":"113","author":"Peacock","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cardiology"},{"key":"R19-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(01)00903-2","article-title":"Open label randomized trial of torsemide compared with furosemide therapy for patients with heart failure","volume":"111","author":"Murray","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"R20-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-9842(02)00122-8","article-title":"Torasemide in chronic heart failure: results of the TORIC study","volume":"4","author":"Cosin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"R21-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-005-3350-2","article-title":"Combination therapy with metolazone and loop diuretics in outpatients with refractory heart failure: an observational study and review of the literature","volume":"19","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Drugs Ther"},{"key":"R22-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2008.10.002","article-title":"Standardizing care for acute decompensated heart failure in a large megatrial: the approach for the Acute Studies of Clinical Effectiveness of Nesiritide in Subjects with Decompensated Heart Failure (ASCEND-HF)","volume":"157","author":"Ezekowitz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"R23-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.280.6218.905","article-title":"Hypokalemia and diuretics: an analysis of publications","volume":"280","author":"Morgan","year":"1980","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"R24-4-20210207","first-page":"IV98","article-title":"Relation of arrhythmias and electrolyte abnormalities to survival in patients with severe chronic heart failure","volume":"75","author":"Dargie","year":"1987","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"R25-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1985.154","article-title":"Tubular action of diuretics: distal effects on electrolyte transport and acidification","volume":"28","author":"Hropot","year":"1985","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"R26-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5656.551","article-title":"Effect of furosemide on pulmonary blood volume","volume":"2","author":"Bhatia","year":"1969","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"R27-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197305242882102","article-title":"Renal and extrarenal haemodynamic effects of furosemide in congestive heart failure after acute myocardial infarction","volume":"288","author":"Dikshit","year":"1973","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R28-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.03.037","article-title":"Acute heart failure syndromes and coronary perfusion","volume":"52","author":"Beohar","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"R29-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2004.04.059","article-title":"Furosemide and the progression of left ventricular dysfunction in experimental heart failure","volume":"44","author":"McCurley","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"R30-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2003.12.052","article-title":"Effects of loop diuretics on myocardial fibrosis and collagen type I turnover in chronic heart failure","volume":"43","author":"Lopez","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"R31-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199909023411001","article-title":"The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure","volume":"341","author":"Pitt","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R32-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030207","article-title":"Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction","volume":"348","author":"Pitt","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R33-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccl.2007.08.011","article-title":"Aldosterone receptor blockade in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction following acute myocardial infarction","volume":"26","author":"Brandimarte","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cardiol Clin"},{"key":"R34-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfn015","article-title":"Antiremodeling effect of aldosterone receptors blockade with canrenone in mild chronic heart failure (AREA IN CHF): final results","volume":"11","author":"Boccanelli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Failure"},{"key":"R35-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.57.1.17","article-title":"Untreated heart failure: clinical and neuroendocrine effects of introducing diuretics","volume":"57","author":"Bayliss","year":"1987","journal-title":"Br Heart J"},{"key":"R36-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.42.3.316","article-title":"Relation of plasma aldosterone concentration to diuretic treatment in patients with severe heart disease","volume":"42","author":"Knight","year":"1979","journal-title":"Br Heart J"},{"key":"R37-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.82.5.1724","article-title":"Comparison of neuroendocrine activation in patients with left ventricular dysfunction with and without congestive heart failure. A substudy of the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD)","volume":"82","author":"Francis","year":"1990","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"R38-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-103-1-1","article-title":"Acute vasoconstrictor response to intravenous furosemide in patients with chronic congestive heart failure","volume":"103","author":"Francis","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"R39-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199408000-00017","article-title":"Continuous infusion of loop diuretics in the critically ill: a review of the literature","volume":"22","author":"Martin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R40-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1G693","article-title":"Ef\ufb01cacy and safety of a furosemide continuous infusion following cardiac surgery","volume":"40","author":"Gulbis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"R41-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(96)00161-1","article-title":"Diuretic efficacy of high dose furosemide in severe heart failure: bolus injection versus continuous infusion","volume":"28","author":"Dormans","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"R42-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.119.3.807","article-title":"Aggressive diuresis for severe heart failure in the elderly","volume":"119","author":"Howard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"R43-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.2459\/01.JCM.0000269715.95317.33","article-title":"Prevalence, predictors and prognostic value of acute impairment in renal function during intensive unloading therapy in a community population hospitalized for decompensated heart failure","volume":"8","author":"Cioffi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"R44-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.2459\/01.JCM.0000199782.04891.d8","article-title":"Effectiveness of continuous infusions of loop diuretics for severe heart failure","volume":"7","author":"Howard","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"R45-4-20210207","first-page":"CD003178","article-title":"Continuous infusion versus bolus injection of loop diuretics in congestive heart failure.","volume":"3","author":"Salvador","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"R46-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1097\/MJT.0b013e31818d3f67","article-title":"Diuretics: an update on the pharmacology and clinical uses","volume":"16","author":"Reddy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Ther"},{"key":"R47-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.10.041","article-title":"Acute heart failure syndromes","volume":"53","author":"Gheorghiade","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"R48-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1054\/jcaf.2002.125289","article-title":"The prognostic importance of different definitions of worsening renal function in congestive heart failure","volume":"8","author":"Gottlieb","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"key":"R49-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1054\/jcaf.2003.3","article-title":"Worsening renal function: what is a clinically meaningful change in creatinine during hospitalization with heart failure?","volume":"9","author":"Smith","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"key":"R50-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2003.08.012","article-title":"Relationship between heart failure treatment and development of worsening renal function among hospitalized patients","volume":"147","author":"Butler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"R51-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.07.067","article-title":"Role of diminished renal function in cardiovascular mortality","volume":"47","author":"Schrier","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"R52-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(99)00608-7","article-title":"The prognostic implications of renal insufficiency in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction","volume":"35","author":"Dries","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"R53-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)02125-3","article-title":"The prognostic value of estimated creatinine clearance alongside functional capacity in ambulatory patients with chronic congestive heart failure","volume":"40","author":"Mahon","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"R54-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.2165\/00044011-200525030-00002","article-title":"High-dose torasemide is equivalent to high-dose furosemide with hypertonic saline in the treatment of refractory congestive heart failure","volume":"25","author":"Paterna","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Drug Investig"},{"key":"R55-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1067\/mhj.2003.166","article-title":"Effects of high-dose furosemide and small-volume hypertonic saline solution infusion in comparison with a high dose of furosemide as bolus in refractory congestive heart failure: long-term effects","volume":"145","author":"Licata","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"R56-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.02.095","article-title":"Vasopressin antagonism in heart failure","volume":"46","author":"Goldsmith","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"R57-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.12.1332","article-title":"Short-term clinical effects of tolvaptan, an oral vasopressin antagonist, in patients hospitalized for heart failure: the EVEREST Clinical Status Trials","volume":"297","author":"Gheorghiade","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R58-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.12.1319","article-title":"Effects of oral tolvaptan in patients hospitalized for worsening heart failure: the EVEREST Outcome Trial","volume":"297","author":"Konstam","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R59-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2008.06.003","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of the vasopressin V1A\/V2-receptor antagonist conivaptan in acute decompensated heart failure: a dose-ranging pilot study","volume":"14","author":"Goldsmith","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"key":"R60-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-5922.2008.00059.x","article-title":"Role of adenosine antagonism in the cardiorenal syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Dohadwala","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Ther"},{"key":"R61-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2008.08.010","article-title":"The PROTECT pilot study: a randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-finding study of the adenosine A1 receptor antagonist rolofylline in patients with acute heart failure and renal impairment","volume":"14","author":"Cotter","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Card Fail"},{"key":"R62-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1097\/MCC.0b013e328309a481","article-title":"Ultrafiltration in the management of heart failure","volume":"14","author":"Costanzo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Crit Care"},{"key":"R63-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.07.073","article-title":"Ultrafiltration versus intravenous diuretics for patients hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure","volume":"49","author":"Costanzo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"R64-4-20210207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.742270","article-title":"Contemporary trends in the pharmacological and extracorporeal management of heart failure: a nephrologic perspective.","volume":"117","author":"Kazory","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/01244665-201008000-00004","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T14:15:18Z","timestamp":1786371318000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/01244665-201008000-00004"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,8]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2459\/jcm.0b013e3283376bfa","relation":{},"ISSN":["1558-2027"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1558-2027","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,8]]}}}