{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T03:14:16Z","timestamp":1791256456175,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014To determine the morphologic and phenotypic\neffects of transforming growth factor \u03b21 (TGF-\u03b21)\non cultured equine mesenchymal stem cells (MSC)\nand articular chondrocytes.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Sample Population\u2014Bone marrow aspirates and\narticular cartilage samples from a 2-year-old and two 8-\nmonth-old horses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014After initial isolation and culture, MSC\nand chondrocytes were cultured in Ham's F-12 medium\nsupplemented with TGF-\u03b21 at a concentration of 0,\n1, 5, or 10 ng\/ml. Medium was exchanged on day 2,\nand cells were harvested on day 4. Medium was\nassayed for proteoglycan (PG) content. Total RNA was\nisolated from cell cultures, and expression of aggrecan,\ndecrin, collagen type-I, and collagen type-II\nmRNA was assessed by means of Northern blot analyses.\nCell cultures were stained with H&amp;E or toluidine\nblue and examined histologically. Additional cultures\nwere examined after immunohistochemical staining\nfor type-I and -II collagen.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014MSC cultures exposed to TGF-\u03b21 had an\nincreased cellular density with cell layering and nodule\nformation that was most pronounced in cultures treated\nwith 5 ng of TGF-\u03b21\/ml. Expression of collagen\ntype-II mRNA in MSC cultures exposed to 5 ng of TGF-\n\u03b21\/ml was 1.7 times expression in control cultures,\nand expression of collagen type-I mRNA was 2.8\ntimes expression in control cultures. Treatment of\nMSC with TGF-\u03b21 led to dose-related increases in area\nand intensity of type-II collagen immunoreaction.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Results suggest that TGF-\u03b21 enhances\nchondrogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived\nMSC in a dose-dependent manner. (\n                    <jats:italic>Am J Vet Res<\/jats:italic>\n                    2000;61:1003\u20131010)\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2000.61.1003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,6]],"date-time":"2005-12-06T12:12:48Z","timestamp":1133871168000},"page":"1003-1010","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":113,"title":["Effect of transforming growth factor \u03b21 on chondrogenic differentiation of cultured equine mesenchymal stem cells"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Allison A.","family":"Worster","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan J.","family":"Nixon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brent D.","family":"Brower-Toland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janice","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"p_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1982.tb02389.x","volume":"14","author":"Jeffcott LB","year":"1982","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"p_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198264030-00022","volume":"64","author":"Mankin HJ","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"p_3_3","first-page":"317","volume":"109","author":"Meachim G","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"p_4_4","first-page":"2637","volume":"47","author":"Vachon A","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"p_5_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1988.tb04644.x","volume":"6","author":"Hurtig MB","year":"1988","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"p_6_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1998.tb00092.x"},{"key":"p_7_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1994.55.08.1158","volume":"55","author":"Howard RD","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"p_8_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1991.52.02.317","volume":"52","author":"Vachon AM","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"p_9_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100120405"},{"key":"p_10_10","first-page":"317","author":"McIlwraith CW","year":"1996","journal-title":"Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co"},{"key":"p_11_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1063-4584(05)80037-8"},{"key":"p_12_12","first-page":"178","volume":"56","author":"Elves MW","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"p_13_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-196911000-00011"},{"key":"p_14_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-196609000-00003"},{"key":"p_15_15","first-page":"279","volume":"268","author":"Kawabe N","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"p_16_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100090504"},{"key":"p_17_17","first-page":"137","volume":"52","author":"Hurtig MB","year":"1988","journal-title":"Can J Vet Res"},{"key":"p_18_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-197201000-00033","volume":"82","author":"Convery FR","year":"1972","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"p_19_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1998.59.09.1182","volume":"59","author":"Fortier LA","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"p_20_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199812000-00004","volume":"80","author":"Yoo JU","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"p_21_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0945-053X(05)80005-8"},{"key":"p_22_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/excr.1997.3858"},{"key":"p_23_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199404000-00013","volume":"76","author":"Wakitani S","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"p_24_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.1995.1.345"},{"key":"p_25_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5411.143"},{"key":"p_26_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/excr.1995.1221"},{"key":"p_27_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/scel.1995.0023"},{"key":"p_28_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.120.2.415","volume":"120","author":"Frenz DA","year":"1994","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"p_29_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.138.11.4966"},{"key":"p_30_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03008208809019068"},{"key":"p_31_31","first-page":"91","volume":"41","author":"Chimal-Monroy J","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Dev Biol"},{"key":"p_32_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1997.58.01.66","volume":"58","author":"Fortier LA","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"p_33_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199605000-00012","volume":"78","author":"Hunziker EB","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"p_34_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2364","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1992.53.12.2364","volume":"53","author":"Nixon AJ","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"p_35_35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/21.18.4426"},{"key":"p_36_36","unstructured":"Nixon AJ, Fortier LA. Chondrocyte-IGF1 transplantation in the treatment of subchondral cystic lesions of the medial femoral condyle in horses, in Proceedings. 23rd Annu Meet Vet Orthop Soc 1996;23:1."},{"key":"p_37_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.132.4.1603"},{"key":"p_38_38","first-page":"231","volume":"5","author":"Nicoll SB","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cells Materials"},{"key":"p_39_39","unstructured":"Venn G, Hardingham TE, Lauder R, etal TGF-beta stimulates the synthesis of small CS\/DS proteoglycan in canine articular cartilage and its tissue content is increased in experimental OA, in Transactions. 36th Annu Meet Orthop Res Soc 1991;16:380."}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/61\/9\/ajvr.2000.61.1003.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/61\/9\/ajvr.2000.61.1003.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/61\/9\/ajvr.2000.61.1003.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T20:08:53Z","timestamp":1775765333000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/61\/9\/ajvr.2000.61.1003.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,9,1]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.2000.61.1003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,9,1]]}}}