{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T13:48:35Z","timestamp":1775742515664,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objectives<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine the in vitro effect of\nprostaglandin E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (PGE<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>), PGF<jats:sub>2\u03b1<\/jats:sub>, PGI<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>; and nonsteroidal\nanti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID; ie, flunixin\nmeglumine, ketoprofen, carprofen, and phenylbutazone)\non contractile activity of the equine dorsal\ncolon, ventral colon, and pelvic flexure circular and\nlongitudinal smooth muscle.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201426 healthy horses.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Tissue collected from the ventral colon,\ndorsal colon, and pelvic flexure was cut into strips and\nmounted in a tissue bath system where contractile\nstrength was determined. Incremental doses of\nPGE<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, PGF<jats:sub>2\u03b1<\/jats:sub>, PGI<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, flunixin meglumine, carprofen,\nketoprofen, and phenylbutazone were added to the\nbaths, and the contractile activity was recorded for\neach location and orientation of smooth muscle.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014In substance P-stimulated tissues, PGE<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\nand PGF<jats:sub>2\u03b1<\/jats:sub> enhanced contractility in the longitudinal\nsmooth muscle with a decrease or no effect on circular\nsmooth muscle activity. Prostaglandin I<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> inhibited\nthe circular smooth muscle response with no effect\non the longitudinal muscle. The activity of NSAID was\npredominantly inhibitory regardless of location or\nmuscle orientation.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014In the equine\nlarge intestine, exogenous prostaglandins had a variable\neffect on contractile activity, depending on the\nlocation in the colon and orientation of the smooth\nmuscle. The administration of NSAID inhibited contractility,\nwith flunixin meglumine generally inducing\nthe most profound inhibition relative to the other\nNSAID evaluated in substance P-stimulated smooth\nmuscle of the large intestine. The results of this study\nindicate that prolonged use of NSAID may potentially\npredispose horses to develop gastrointestinal tract\nstasis and subsequent impaction. 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