{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T15:02:38Z","timestamp":1789138958741,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To evaluate, for clinically normal dogs,\nresults of Schirmer tear tests in eyes without topical\nanesthetic (STT) and to detect differences associated\nwith breed, sex, age, day, and time of day in eyes in\nwhich STT was performed after use of topical anesthetic\n(STTa).<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201441 Beagles, 43 Labrador Retrievers, 25\nGolden Retrievers, 26 English Springer Spaniels, and\n22 Shetland Sheepdogs.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Beagles had STT and STTa values measured\ntwice daily for 5 days. Client-owned dogs of 4\nother breeds had STT and STTa values measured\nonce.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Mean \u00b1 SD values of Beagles for STT and\nSTTa were 20.2 \u00b1 2.5 and 3.8 \u00b1 2.7 mm\/min. Mean\nvalues for STT and STTa were as follows: Labrador\nRetriever, 22.9 \u00b1 4.1 and 9.6 \u00b1 3.8 mm\/min; English\nSpringer Spaniel; 20.7 \u00b1 3.2 and 5.4 \u00b1 3.4 mm\/min;\nGolden Retriever, 21.8 \u00b1 3.7 and 8.8 \u00b1 3.1 mm\/min;\nand Shetland Sheepdog, 15.8 \u00b1 1.8 and 3.6 \u00b1 2.8\nmm\/min. Overall mean values for STT and STTa were\n20.2 \u00b1 3.0 and 6.2 \u00b1 3.1 mm\/min. Differences for STT\nand STTa were detected among breeds, but significant\ndifferences were not associated with sex or age\nwithin each breed or in overall values for all dogs.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Results for\nthe STT reported here compare favorably with reported\nvalues, except for results of Shetland Sheepdogs;\nhowever, results for the STTa differ dramatically from\nreported values. Clinicians should consider effects\nattributable to breed when evaluating results of STT\nand STTa in dogs. (<jats:italic>Am J Vet Res<\/jats:italic> 2000; 61:1422\u20131425)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2000.61.1422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,6]],"date-time":"2005-12-06T17:12:54Z","timestamp":1133889174000},"page":"1422-1425","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Evaluation of results for Schirmer tear tests conducted with and without application of a topical anesthetic in clinically normal dogs of 5 breeds"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Ralph E.","family":"Hamor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven M.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glenn A.","family":"Severin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew 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