{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T09:12:54Z","timestamp":1781773974461,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objectives<\/jats:bold>\u2014To test whether generalized <jats:italic>Streptococcus\nzooepidemicus<\/jats:italic> infection could be induced\nby intratracheal inoculation in llamas and to characterize\nthis infection.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u20146 test and 3 control llamas.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Test llamas received 1 of 3 dosages of <jats:italic>S\nzooepidemicus<\/jats:italic> by intratracheal injection, whereas\ncontrol llamas received sterile culture medium.\nPhysical examination variables and results of clinicopathologic\nanalyses of blood, peritoneal fluid, and tracheal\nwash fluid were compared in test llamas\nbetween, before, and during the development of bacteremia\nand with control llamas. Bacteriologic culture\nwas performed on all collected body fluids and tissue\nspecimens that were collected at necropsy. Tissue\nspecimens that were collected at necropsy were\nexamined histologically.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Infection induced fever, anorexia, and signs\nof depression. Five of 6 infected llamas developed\nspecific signs of inflammation in the thorax or\nabdomen, bacteremia, neutrophilic leukocytosis with\ntoxic changes and high band neutrophil cell counts,\nhyperfibrinogenemia, and high peritoneal fluid WBC\ncounts and protein concentrations. On development\nof bacteremia, llamas had significant decreases in\nserum iron (from 118 \u00b1 25 to 6 \u00b1 4 \u00b5g\/ml) and increases\nin serum glucose (from 131 \u00b1 5 to 253 \u00b1 48 mg\/dl)\nconcentrations.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014<jats:italic>Streptococcus\nzooepidemicus<\/jats:italic> spreads rapidly to other\nbody compartments after intratracheal inoculation in\nllamas. Fever, anorexia, and signs of depression are\nthe most consistent clinical signs, although other\nsigns are possible. Clinicopathologic analysis of body\nfluids yields evidence of inflammation. Infection by\n<jats:italic>S zooepidemicus<\/jats:italic> can be proven by bacteriologic culture\nof body fluids before death or of tissue specimens\nafter death. <jats:italic>(Am J Vet Res <\/jats:italic>2000:61;1525\u20131529)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2000.61.1525","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,6]],"date-time":"2005-12-06T17:18:33Z","timestamp":1133889513000},"page":"1525-1529","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Pathogenesis of Streptococcus zooepidemicus infection after intratracheal inoculation in llamas"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Christopher K.","family":"Cebra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerry R.","family":"Heidel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret L.","family":"Cebra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan J.","family":"Tornquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradford B.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"p_1_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1998.tb00106.x","volume":"27","author":"Cebra CK","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"p_2_257","unstructured":"Bezek D, Walker RD. 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