{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T22:35:44Z","timestamp":1778279744082,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine the anesthetic, cardiorespiratory,\nand metabolic effects of 4 IV anesthetic regimens\nin Thoroughbred horses recuperating from a\nbrief period of maximal exercise.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u20146 adult Thoroughbreds.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Horses were preconditioned by exercising\nthem on a treadmill. Each horse ran 4 simulated\nraces, with a minimum of 14 days between races.\nRaces were run at a treadmill speed that caused horses\nto exercise at 120% of their maximal oxygen consumption.\nHorses ran until fatigued or for a maximum\nof 2 minutes. Two minutes after exercise, horses\nreceived a combination of xylazine hydrochloride (2.2\nmg\/kg of body weight) and acepromazine maleate\n(0.04 mg\/kg) IV. Five minutes after exercise, horses\nreceived 1 of the following 4 IV anesthetic regimens:\nketamine hydrochloride (2.2 mg\/kg); ketamine (2.2\nmg\/kg) and diazepam (0.1 mg\/kg); tiletamine\nhydrochloride-zolazepam hydrochloride (1 mg\/kg); and\nguaifenesin (50 mg\/kg) and thiopental sodium (5\nmg\/kg). Treatments were randomized. Cardiopulmonary\nindices were measured, and samples of\nblood were collected before and at specific times for\n90 minutes after each race.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Each regimen induced lateral recumbency.\nThe quality of induction and anesthesia after ketamine\nadministration was significantly worse than after\nother regimens, and the duration of anesthesia was\nsignificantly shorter. Time to lateral recumbency was\nsignificantly longer after ketamine or guaifenesinthiopental\nadministration than after ketaminediazepam\nor tiletamine-zolazepam administration.\nArterial blood pressures after guaifenesin-thiopental\nadministration were significantly lower than after the\nother regimens.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Anesthesia\ncan be safely induced in sedated horses immediately\nafter maximal exercise. Ketamine-diazepam and tiletamine-\nzolazepam induced good quality anesthesia\nwith acceptable perturbations in cardiopulmonary and\nmetabolic indices. Ketamine alone and guaifenesinthiopental\nregimens are not recommended. (<jats:italic>Am J Vet\nRes<\/jats:italic> 2000;61:1545\u20131552)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2000.61.1545","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,6]],"date-time":"2005-12-06T17:18:33Z","timestamp":1133889513000},"page":"1545-1552","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Anesthetic, cardiorespiratory, and metabolic effects of four intravenous anesthetic regimens induced in horses immediately after maximal exercise"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"John A. 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Michael","family":"Schmall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William W.","family":"Muir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James T.","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard A.","family":"Sams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"p_1_383","first-page":"321","volume":"2","author":"Marlin DJ","year":"1987","journal-title":"Equine Exerc Physiol"},{"key":"p_2_384","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1997.58.09.1003","volume":"58","author":"Hubbell JAE","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"p_3_385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1977.tb04005.x","volume":"9","author":"Snow 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