{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T00:05:41Z","timestamp":1768435541319,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine whether streptococcal\npneumonia is caused by strains of <jats:italic>Streptococcus\nzooepidemicus<\/jats:italic> similar to those obtained from the\ntonsils of healthy horses.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Sample Population<\/jats:bold>\u20145 tonsils from healthy horses,\n8 tracheal washes and 6 lung specimens from\nfoals with pneumonia, and 5 nasopharyngeal swab\nspecimens from donkeys with acute bronchopneumonia.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Variable M-like protectively immunogenic\nSzP proteins of 5 isolates of <jats:italic>S zooepidemicus<\/jats:italic> from\neach tonsil and clinical specimen were compared,\nusing immunoblots. The <jats:italic>SzP<\/jats:italic> gene of 13 isolates representative\nof various SzP immunoblot phenotypes\nfrom 1 healthy horse and 9 horses and donkeys with\npneumonia were sequenced and compared. Cell-associated\nhyaluronic acid concentration and resistance to\nphagocytosis of some isolates were measured.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Tonsils of each healthy horse were colonized\nby several SzP phenotypes similar to those of\nfoals or donkeys with pneumonia. In contrast, multiple\nisolates from animals with pneumonia had the\nsame SzP phenotype, indicating infection by a single\nstrain or clone. Analysis of the SzP sequence confirmed\nthat differences in immunoblot phenotype\nwere associated with sequence differences and that\nseveral SzP genotypes were in healthy horses and\nanimals with pneumonia. Isolates with high concentrations\nof cell-associated hyaluronic acid were more\nresistant to phagocytosis.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014An SzP-specific\nimmunoblot is a useful, sensitive measure of\ndiversity among strains of <jats:italic>S zooepidemicus<\/jats:italic>. Single\nstrains with SzP phenotypes similar to those found in\ntonsils of healthy horses cause pneumonia. Because\nof the diversity of SzP phenotype and genotype\namong isolates from animals with pneumonia, SzP\nphenotype is not an important determinant of invasiveness\nor epizootic capabilities. 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