{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T13:47:05Z","timestamp":1775742425216,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To compare systemic bioavailability and\nduration for therapeutic plasma concentrations and\ncardiovascular, respiratory, and analgesic effects of\nmorphine administered per rectum, compared with IV\nand IM administration in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u20146 healthy Beagles.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014In a randomized study, each dog\nreceived the following: morphine IV (0.5 mg\/kg of\nbody weight), morphine per rectum (1, 2, and 5 mg\/kg\nas a suppository and 2 mg\/kg as a solution), and a control\ntreatment. Intramuscular administration of morphine\n(1 mg\/kg) was evaluated separately. Heart and\nrespiratory rates, systolic, diastolic, and mean blood\npressures, adverse effects, and plasma morphine concentrations\nwere measured. Analgesia was defined as\nan increase in response threshold, compared with\nbaseline values, to applications of noxious mechanical\n(pressure) and thermal (heat) stimuli. Data were evaluated,\nusing Friedman repeated-measures ANOVA on\nranks and Student-Newman-Keuls post-hoc <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>-tests.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Significant differences were not found in\ncardiovascular, respiratory, or analgesia values\nbetween control and morphine groups. Overall systemic\nbioavailability of morphine administered per rectum\nwas 19.6%. Plasma morphine concentration after\nadministration of the highest dose (5 mg\/kg) as a suppository\nwas significantly higher than concentrations\n60 and 360 minutes after IV and IM administration,\nrespectively. A single route of administration did not\nconsistently fulfill our criteria for providing analgesia.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Rectal administration\nof morphine did not increase bioavailability\nabove that reported for oral administration of morphine\nin dogs. Low bioavailability and plasma concentrations\nlimit the clinical usefulness of morphine\nadministered per rectum in dogs. 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