{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:51:43Z","timestamp":1790729503474,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014To compare sensitivity and specificity of\nvarious polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for\ndetection of\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira borgpetersenii<\/jats:italic>\n                    serovar\n                    <jats:italic>hardjo<\/jats:italic>\n                    in bovine urine and to compare results of the optimal\nPCR assay with results of immunofluorescence,\nnucleic acid hybridization, and bacteriologic culture.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u20146 heifers.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Heifers were exposed to serovar hardjo\ntype hardjo-bovis by conjunctival instillation of 10\n                    <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                    leptospires\non 3 successive days. Urine samples were\ncollected before and after infection. Sensitivity and\nspecificity of 5 PCR assays were compared, to determine\nthe optimal assay for use with bovine urine samples.\nThe optimal PCR assay was then compared with\nresults of bacteriologic culture, nucleic acid hybridization,\nand immunofluorescence.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014A PCR assay with the best combination of\nspecificity (100%) and sensitivity (91%) was selected\nfor comparison with the other diagnostic tests.\nSensitivity for nucleic acid hybridization was 55%,\nwhereas sensitivity for bacteriologic culture and\nimmunofluorescence was 89 to 93%.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Bacteriologic\nculture, PCR, and immunofluorescence were sensitive\nfor detection of\n                    <jats:italic>L borgpetersenii<\/jats:italic>\n                    serovar\n                    <jats:italic>hardjo<\/jats:italic>\n                    type\nhardjo-bovis in urine specimens of cattle, but a single\ntechnique was not the most sensitive for each animal\ntested. Therefore, the use of 2 techniques in combination\nis warranted for maximal sensitivity for diagnosis.\n(\n                    <jats:italic>Am J Vet Res<\/jats:italic>\n                    2000;61:316\u2013320)\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2000.61.316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,6]],"date-time":"2005-12-06T12:12:06Z","timestamp":1133871126000},"page":"316-320","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Comparison of polymerase chain reaction assays with bacteriologic culture, immunofluorescence, and nucleic acid hybridization for detection of Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo in urine of cattle"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Jaap","family":"Wagenaar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard L.","family":"Zuerner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Alt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carole A.","family":"Bolin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"p_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.117.5.101","volume":"117","author":"Ellis WA","year":"1985","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"p_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.107.13.307","volume":"107","author":"Higgins RJ","year":"1980","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"p_3_3","first-page":"780","volume":"43","author":"Thiermann AB","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"p_4_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)33293-4","volume":"22","author":"Ellis WA","year":"1979","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"p_5_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.118.1.11","volume":"118","author":"Ellis WA","year":"1986","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"p_6_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1135(93)90080-Q"},{"key":"p_7_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.131.19.435","volume":"131","author":"Leonard FC","year":"1992","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"p_8_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1994.55.03.339","volume":"55","author":"Gerritsen MJ","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"p_9_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1135(90)90036-U"},{"key":"p_10_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.25.6.976-980.1973","volume":"25","author":"Cole JR","year":"1973","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"p_11_11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1135(87)90131-3"},{"key":"p_12_12","first-page":"911","volume":"133","author":"Terpstra WJ","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Gen Microbiol"},{"key":"p_13_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.26.12.2495-2500.1988","volume":"26","author":"Zuerner RL","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"p_14_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-139-8-1691","volume":"139","author":"Gravekamp C","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Gen Microb"},{"key":"p_15_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1097(92)90659-C"},{"key":"p_16_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.30.9.2219-2224.1992","volume":"30","author":"Merien FP","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"p_17_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2258","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.27.10.2258-2262.1989","volume":"27","author":"Van Eys GJJM","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"p_18_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02789285"},{"key":"p_19_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.128.12.282","volume":"128","author":"Woodward MJ","year":"1991","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"p_20_20","first-page":"15","volume":"61","author":"Masri SA","year":"1997","journal-title":"Can J Vet Res"},{"key":"p_21_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3284","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.33.12.3284-3289.1995","volume":"33","author":"Zuerner RL","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"p_22_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2805","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.29.12.2805-2808.1991","volume":"29","author":"Gerritsen MJ","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"p_23_23","unstructured":"Sambrook J, Fritsch EF, Maniatis T. 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