{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T06:15:47Z","timestamp":1791180947977,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine kinematic movements of\nthe vertebral column of horses during normal locomotion.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u20145 Dutch Warmblood horses without apparent\nlameness or problems associated with the vertebral\ncolumn.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Kinematics of 8 vertebrae (T6, T10, T13,\nT17, L1, L3, L5, and S3) and both tuber coxae were\ndetermined, using bone-fixated markers. Horses\nwere recorded while walking on a treadmill at a constant\nspeed of 1.6 m\/s.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Flexion-extension was characterized by 2\nperiods of extension and flexion during 1 stride cycle,\nwhereas lateral bending and axial rotation were characterized\nby 1 peak and 1 trough. The range of motion\nfor flexion-extension was fairly constant for vertebrae\ncaudal to T10 (approximately 7\u00b0). For lateral bending,\nthe cranial thoracic vertebrae and segments in the\npelvic region had the maximal amount of motion, with\nvalues of up to 5.6\u00b0. For vertebrae between T17 and\nL5, the amount of lateral bending decreased to &lt; 4\u00b0.\nThe amount of axial rotation increased gradually from\n4\u00b0 for T6 to 13\u00b0 for the tuber coxae.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions<\/jats:bold>\u2014This direct measurement method provides\n3-dimensional kinematic data for flexion-extension,\nlateral bending, and axial rotation of the thoracolumbar\nportion of the vertebral column of horses\nwalking on a treadmill. Regional differences were\nobserved in the magnitude and pattern of the rotations.\nUnderstanding of the normal kinematics of the\nvertebral column in healthy horses is a prerequisite\nfor a better understanding of abnormal function. 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