{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T21:09:20Z","timestamp":1775768960045,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014To evaluate effects of erythromycin, lidocaine,\nand metoclopramide on smooth muscle of the\npyloric antrum (PA), proximal portion of the duodenum\n(PD), and middle portion of the jejunum (MJ) of horses.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Sample Population<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Strips of smooth muscle from\n7 horses.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Isolated muscle strips were suspended in a\nbath and attached to isometric force transducers. Once\nstable spontaneous contractions were observed, agents\nwere added. Isometric stress responses were compared\nwith the amplitude of spontaneous contractions.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014A single dose of erythromycin to the PA\nincreased contractile amplitude (CA) for the longitudinal\nsmooth muscle (mean \u00b1 SEM, 76 \u00b1 16 g\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) but\ndecreased CA for circular smooth muscle\n(\u201379 \u00b1 23 g\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). The inhibitory effect was decreased\nby tetrodotoxin, N\n                    <jats:sup>G<\/jats:sup>\n                    -nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, and a\nvasoactive intestinal peptide antagonist. Erythromycin\nincreased CA for the MJ, which was maximal at 10\n                    <jats:sup>\u20134<\/jats:sup>\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    (171 \u00b1 36 g\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). Lidocaine increased CA for the PD,\nwhich was maximal at 10\u20134M (60 \u00b1 5 g\/cm2).\nMetoclopramide increased the CA, which was maximal\nat 10\n                    <jats:sup>\u20134<\/jats:sup>\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    for the PA (75 \u00b1 26 g\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), PD\n(279 \u00b1 33 g\/cm2), and MJ (456 \u00b1 59 g\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Regional differences in responses to\nerythromycin, lidocaine, and metoclopramide were\nevident in the gastrointestinal tract of horses.\nMetoclopramide increased CA in all tissues used,\nwhereas erythromycin inhibited CA in circular smooth\nmuscle but stimulated CA in longitudinal smooth\nmuscle from the PA. Inhibition is caused by stimulation\nof inhibitory nerves and is mediated, in part, by\nnitric oxide and vasoactive intestinal peptide. (\n                    <jats:italic>Am J Vet Res<\/jats:italic>\n                    2000;61:413\u2013419)\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2000.61.413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,6]],"date-time":"2005-12-06T12:06:14Z","timestamp":1133870774000},"page":"413-419","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["In vitro effects of erythromycin, lidocaine, and metoclopramide on smooth muscle from the pyloric antrum, proximal portion of the duodenum, and middle portion of the jejunum of horses"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Jorge E.","family":"Nieto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter C.","family":"Rakestraw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jack 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