{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T03:19:44Z","timestamp":1790047184920,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine whether plasma concentrations\nof benzodiazepines (BDZ) in dogs following\nintranasal (IN) administration of diazepam are comparable\nto concentrations following IV administration.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u20146 (4 male, 2 female) healthy adult\nGreyhounds.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Dogs were randomly assigned to 2\ngroups of 3 dogs in a crossover design. Diazepam\n(0.5 mg\/kg of body weight) was administered intravenously\nto dogs in group 1 and intranasally to dogs\nin group 2. Blood was collected from the jugular vein\nof each dog into tubes containing lithium heparin\nbefore and 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 20, 30, 60, 120, 240, and\n480 minutes following diazepam administration. After\na 4-day washout period, dogs in group 1 received\ndiazepam intranasally, dogs in group 2 received\ndiazepam intravenously, and blood was again collected.\nPlasma concentration of BDZ was determined by\nuse of a fluorescence polarization immunoassay.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Mean (\u00b1 SD) peak plasma concentration of\nBDZ following IV administration (1316 \u00b1 216 \u00b5g\/L)\nwas greater than that following IN administration\n(448 \u00b1 41 \u00b5g\/L). Time to peak concentration was \u2264 3\nminutes following IV administration and 4.5 \u00b1 1.5\nminutes following IN administration. Mean bioavailability\nof BDZ following IN administration was\n80 \u00b1 9%.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Diazepam is\nrapidly and efficiently absorbed following IN administration\nof the parenteral formulation. Plasma concentrations\nmatch or exceed the suggested therapeutic\nconcentration (300 \u00b5g\/L). Intranasal administration of\ndiazepam may be useful for treatment of seizures in\ndogs by owners or when intravenous access is not\nreadily available. 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