{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T09:52:21Z","timestamp":1777369941352,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objectives<\/jats:bold>\u2014To develop a reliable method for measurement\nof cyanide concentrations in cattle, using\ngas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS),\nand establish reference ranges of cyanide concentrations\nin cattle.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201452 Fleckvieh cattle.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Cattle were allocated to 3 groups; 12\nwere fed leguminous grass and hay, 36 were fed\nwhole-maize and corn-cob silages, and 4 were fed\nother feedstuffs. Samples of blood, rumen fluid, and\nliver were collected at time of slaughter. Serum,\nrumen fluid, and liver homogenate were assayed for\ncyanide content, using a derivatization procedure. A\ntechnique for analysis by GC-MS that used selected\nion monitoring was developed.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Compared with a spectrophotometric\nmethod, detection of cyanide in serum and rumen\nfluid by use of GC-MS was selective and sensitive,\nwith a limit of detection of 0.7 \u00b5<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>. Spectrophotometric\nanalysis yielded false-negative and\nfalse-positive results. Thus, the GC-MS method was\nused for subsequent analysis. In all cattle except 1,\ncyanide concentration ranged from &lt; 0.7 to 35 \u00b5<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic> in\nserum and from &lt; 0.7 to 28 \u00b5<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic> in rumen fluid;\ncyanide concentration in that 1 animal was 206 \u00b5<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>.\nCattle fed clover, grass, grass hay, and clover hay had\n8.3- to 8.6-fold higher mean cyanide concentrations\nin rumen fluid and serum than cattle fed whole-maize\nand corn-cob silages.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Results of\nthis study suggest a reference range that should be\nuseful for aiding in the diagnosis of cyanide poisoning.\nAlso, cattle can apparently accommodate a\nserum cyanide concentration of 206 \u00b5M without\nadverse effects. (<jats:italic>Am J Vet Res<\/jats:italic> 2000;61:658\u2013664)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2000.61.658","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,6]],"date-time":"2005-12-06T17:06:20Z","timestamp":1133888780000},"page":"658-664","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Development of a method for determination of cyanide concentrations in serum and rumen fluid of cattle"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Heribert","family":"Meiser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heinz-Werner","family":"Hagedorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R\u00fcdiger","family":"Schulz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"p_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.4141\/cjas81-082","volume":"61","author":"Majak W","year":"1981","journal-title":"Can J Anim Sci"},{"key":"p_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.4141\/cjps88-066","volume":"68","author":"Brooke BM","year":"1988","journal-title":"Can J Plant Sci"},{"key":"p_3_3","first-page":"43","volume":"46","author":"Tewer OO","year":"1989","journal-title":"Glycosides"},{"key":"p_4_4","first-page":"50","author":"Radeleff RD","year":"1970","journal-title":"Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger"},{"key":"p_5_5","first-page":"453","volume":"34","author":"Legath J","year":"1992","journal-title":"Vet Hum Toxicol"},{"key":"p_6_6","first-page":"15","volume":"35","author":"Javorsky P","year":"1993","journal-title":"Vet Hum Toxicol"},{"key":"p_7_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(91)90143-Z"},{"key":"p_8_8","first-page":"128","volume":"2","author":"Gurnsey MP","year":"1997","journal-title":"NZ Vet J"},{"key":"p_9_9","first-page":"566","volume":"31","author":"Krishna L","year":"1989","journal-title":"Vet Hum Toxicol"},{"key":"p_10_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4347(95)00344-4"},{"key":"p_11_11","first-page":"74","volume":"21","author":"Majak W","year":"1980","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"p_12_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/14.4.256","volume":"14","author":"Dunn WA","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"p_13_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/31.4.591","volume":"31","author":"Lundquist P","year":"1985","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"p_14_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1135\/cccc19600299","volume":"25","author":"Kratochvil V","year":"1960","journal-title":"Collect Czechoslov Chem Commun"},{"key":"p_15_15","first-page":"917","volume":"5","author":"Muti P","year":"1996","journal-title":"Can Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"p_16_16","first-page":"159","volume":"107","author":"Sachs L","year":"1973","journal-title":"Springer-Verlag Inc"},{"key":"p_17_17","unstructured":"Fisher RA, Yates F. Statistical tables for biological, agricultural and medical research. In: Fisher RA, Yates F, eds. VII: the correlation coefficient-values for different levels of significance. 6th ed. London: Oliver & Boyd, 1963;63."},{"key":"p_18_18","unstructured":"Remane H, Herzschuh R. Massenspektren einiger wichtiger Losungsmittel und gaschromatographischer phasen, die haufig als verunreinigungen in massenspektren nachweisbar sind. In: Schwabe K, ed. Massenspektrometrie in der organischen chemie. Braunschweig, Germany: Vieweg, 1977;170-177."},{"key":"p_19_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.2527\/1990.6861648x","volume":"68","author":"Majak W","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"p_20_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.137.8.1051"},{"key":"p_21_21","unstructured":"Ballantyne B, Marrs TC. Post mortem features and criteria for the diagnosis of acute lethal cyanide poisoning. In: Ballantyne B, Marrs TC, eds. Clinical and experimental toxicology of cyanides. Bristol, UK: Wright Publishers, 1987;217-247."},{"key":"p_22_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.312.7022.26","volume":"312","author":"Baud FJ","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"p_23_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1177\/002580248202200106","volume":"22","author":"Anderson RA","year":"1982","journal-title":"Med Sci Law"},{"key":"p_24_24","first-page":"23","author":"Kingsbury JM","year":"1964","journal-title":"NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/61\/6\/ajvr.2000.61.658.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/61\/6\/ajvr.2000.61.658.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/61\/6\/ajvr.2000.61.658.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T12:44:47Z","timestamp":1741351487000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/61\/6\/ajvr.2000.61.658.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,6,1]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.2000.61.658","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,6,1]]}}}