{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T02:08:35Z","timestamp":1779242915517,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To develop and evaluate an in vivo model\nto study early events in the pathogenesis of acute\nporcine pleuropneumonia.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u2014Thirty-six 6- to 8-week-old pigs.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Pigs were inoculated intranasally or\nendotracheally with <jats:italic>Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae<\/jats:italic>;\ninoculation routes were compared by evaluation\nof clinical signs, gross and microscopic lung lesions,\nhematologic changes, serum zinc, iron, and haptoglobin\nconcentrations, and inflammatory cytokines.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014The 2 inoculation routes resulted in similar\nfindings, although intranasal inoculation caused unilateral\ngross lung lesions, whereas endotracheal inoculation\ncaused bilateral gross lesions. Clinical signs of\ndisease were observed &lt; 2 hours after endotracheal\ninoculation and 6 to 8 hours after intranasal inoculation.\nTotal WBC counts did not differ significantly after\ninoculation by either inoculation route, although band\nneutrophils increased significantly. The earliest findings\nassociated with <jats:italic>A pleuropneumoniae<\/jats:italic> inoculation,\nirrespective of route, were decreased serum\nzinc and iron concentrations. Serum haptoglobin concentrations\nwere significantly increased after inoculation.\nInoculation induced rapid influx of macrophages\ninto the lung and local induction of proinflammatory\ncytokines. Northern blot analysis of total RNA from\nlung tissue indicated that inoculated pigs had\nincreased concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1\u03b2, IL-1\u03b1,\nand IL-8; tumor necrosis factor messenger RNA concentration\nwas not increased.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions<\/jats:bold>\u2014Endotracheal inoculation with <jats:italic>A pleuropneumoniae<\/jats:italic> rapidly and consistently induced diffuse\nbilateral pneumonia; thus, this method may be\nuseful for the study of acute pathophysiologic\nchanges associated with bacterial pneumonia and\nmay provide an experimental model for testing\nmodalities for prevention and treatment of this and\nother respiratory tract diseases of pigs. 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