{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:11:11Z","timestamp":1790874671690,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To compare efficacy and safety of meso-\n2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) and Ca EDTA for\ntreatment of experimentally induced lead toxicosis in\ncockatiels ( Nymphicus hollandicus).<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u2014137 (69 females, 68 males) healthy cockatiels\nbetween 6 months and 8 years old.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Lead toxicosis was induced by placing\nlead shot in the gastrointestinal tract. Treatment with\nCa EDTA (40 mg\/kg of body weight, IM, q 12 h), DMSA\n(40 or 80 mg\/kg, PO, q 12 h), and sodium sulfate salts\n(SSS; 0.5 mg\/kg, PO, q 48 h) was initiated 4 days after\ninduction of lead toxicosis. Blood lead concentrations\nwere determined, using atomic absorption spectrophotometry.\nNumber of birds surviving and blood\nlead concentrations were compared among groups.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014In Phase II of the study, administration of\nDMSA and Ca EDTA significantly decreased blood\nlead concentrations when used alone or in combination\nin birds with lead toxicosis. Addition of SSS did\nnot result in further decreases in lead concentrations.\nEight of 12 (66.7%) birds without lead toxicosis given\n80 mg of DMSA\/kg did not survive to the end of the\nstudy . Lesions related to treatment with chelating\nagents were not detected during necropsy.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014DMSA and\nCa EDTA are effective chelating agents in cockatiels.\nBecause DMSA is administered orally, it may be easier\nthan other chelating agents for bird owners to\nadminister at home. However, the narrow margin of\nsafety of DMSA indicates that this agent should be\nused with caution. 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