{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T09:39:33Z","timestamp":1785577173328,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine the pharmacokinetics of\nacetazolamide administered IV and orally to horses.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u20146 clinically normal adult horses.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Horses received 2 doses of acetazolamide\n(4 mg\/kg of body weight, IV; 8 mg\/kg, PO), and\nblood samples were collected at regular intervals\nbefore and after administration. Samples were\nassayed for acetazolamide concentration by high-performance\nliquid chromatography, and concentrationtime\ndata were analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014After IV administration of acetazolamide,\ndata analysis revealed a median mean residence time\nof 1.71 \u00b1 0.90 hours and median total body clearance\nof 263 \u00b1 38 ml\/kg\/h. Median steady-state volume of\ndistribution was 433 \u00b1 218 ml\/kg. After oral administration,\nmean peak plasma concentration was 1.90 \u00b1\n1.09 \u00b5g\/ml. Mean time to peak plasma concentration\nwas 1.61 \u00b1 1.24 hours. Median oral bioavailability was\n25 \u00b1 6%.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Oral pharmacokinetic\ndisposition of acetazolamide in horses was characterized\nby rapid absorption, low bioavailability, and\nslower elimination than observed initially after IV administration.\nPharmacokinetic data generated by this study\nshould facilitate estimation of appropriate dosages for\nacetazolamide use in horses with hyperkalemic periodic\nparalysis. (<jats:italic>Am J Vet Res<\/jats:italic> 2000;61:965\u2013968)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2000.61.965","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,6]],"date-time":"2005-12-06T17:12:42Z","timestamp":1133889162000},"page":"965-968","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Pharmacokinetics of acetazolamide after intravenous and oral administration in horses"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Michael K.","family":"Alberts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cyril R.","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles G.","family":"MacAllister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynne M.","family":"Homer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"p_1_538","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM195405062501803","volume":"250","author":"Leaf AL","year":"1954","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"p_2_539","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1967.00980030580003","volume":"78","author":"Spaeth GL.","year":"1967","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"p_3_540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.37.3.488","volume":"37","author":"Trudell RG","year":"1987","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"p_4_541","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(77)90330-7"},{"key":"p_5_542","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1177\/106002809603000515","volume":"30","author":"Reiss WG","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"p_6_543","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.248.3.328"},{"key":"p_7_544","first-page":"162","author":"Regnier A","year":"1991","journal-title":"Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger"},{"key":"p_8_545","first-page":"343","volume":"54","author":"Gouge HE","year":"1959","journal-title":"Vet Med (Praha)"},{"key":"p_9_546","first-page":"1323","volume":"50","author":"Vestweber JGE","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"p_10_547","first-page":"383","volume":"31","author":"Cox JH","year":"1985","journal-title":"Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract"},{"key":"p_11_548","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1990.197.08.1009","volume":"197","author":"Spier SJ","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"p_12_549","first-page":"83","volume":"12","author":"Cox JH","year":"1990","journal-title":"Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet"},{"key":"p_13_550","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5288(95)90039-X"},{"key":"p_14_551","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1996.209.01.115","volume":"209","author":"Guglick MA","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"p_15_552","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1996.209.04.798","volume":"209","author":"Carr EA","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"p_16_553","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600690327","volume":"69","author":"Hossie RD","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"p_17_554","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4347(00)80785-9","volume":"377","author":"Hartley R","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Chromatogr"},{"key":"p_18_555","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.346788"},{"key":"p_19_556","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600671214","volume":"67","author":"Brown RD","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"p_20_557","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-2607(89)90129-6"},{"key":"p_21_558","first-page":"144","author":"Baggot JD","year":"1977","journal-title":"Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co"},{"key":"p_22_559","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1996.sp021773","volume":"497","author":"Hanna WJ","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"p_23_560","first-page":"691","author":"Jackson EK.","year":"1996","journal-title":"New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co"},{"key":"p_24_561","first-page":"792","volume":"179","author":"Haskins SC","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"p_25_562","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.145.10.1815"},{"key":"p_26_563","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1998.213.08.1122","volume":"213","author":"Martinez MN","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"p_27_564","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600670233","volume":"67","author":"Yakatan GJ","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"p_28_565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1977.04450100111014","volume":"95","author":"Friedland BR","year":"1977","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"p_29_566","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.1998.tb05791.x","volume":"38","author":"Ritschel WA","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"p_30_567","first-page":"199","volume":"95","author":"Maren TH","year":"1954","journal-title":"Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp"},{"key":"p_31_568","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1982.01030040900006","volume":"100","author":"Ellis PP","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"p_32_569","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.64.2.256","volume":"64","author":"Celebisoy N","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"p_33_570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1975.00490480051006","volume":"32","author":"Vroom FW","year":"1975","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/61\/8\/ajvr.2000.61.965.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/61\/8\/ajvr.2000.61.965.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/61\/8\/ajvr.2000.61.965.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T12:50:23Z","timestamp":1741351823000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/61\/8\/ajvr.2000.61.965.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,8,1]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.2000.61.965","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,8,1]]}}}