{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T08:17:14Z","timestamp":1790842634426,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To estimate direct and indirect contact\nrates on livestock facilities and distance traveled\nbetween herd contacts.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Sample Population<\/jats:bold>\u2014320 beef, dairy, goat, sheep,\nand swine herds, 7 artificial insemination technicians,\n6 hoof trimmers, 15 veterinarians, 4 sales yard owners,\nand 7 managers of livestock-related companies\nwithin a 3-county region of California.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014A questionnaire was mailed to livestock\nproducers, and personal and telephone interviews\nwere conducted with individuals.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Mean monthly direct contact rates were\n2.6, 1.6, and 2.0 for dairies with &lt; 1,000, 1,000 to\n1,999, and \u2265 2,000 cattle, respectively. Mean indirect\ncontact rates on dairies ranged from 234 to 743 contacts\/\nmo and increased by 1 contact\/mo as herd size\nincreased by 4.3. Mean direct monthly contact rate\nfor beef herds was 0.4. Distance traveled by personnel\nand vehicles during a 3-day period ranged from\n58.4 to 210.4 km. Of livestock arriving at sales yards,\n7% (500\/7,072) came from \u2265 60 km away, and of\nthose sold, 32% (1,180\/3,721) were destined for a\nlocation \u2265 60 km away. Fifty-five percent (16\/29) of\nowners of large beef herds observed deer or elk within\n150 m of livestock at least once per month.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Direct and\nindirect contacts occur on livestock facilities located\nover a wide geographic area and at a higher frequency\non larger facilities. Knowledge of contact rates may\nbe useful for planning biosecurity programs at the\nherd, state, and national levels and for modeling\ntransmission potential for foot-and-mouth disease\nvirus. (<jats:italic>Am J Vet Res<\/jats:italic> 2001;62:1121\u20131129)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2001.62.1121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,6]],"date-time":"2005-12-06T17:27:58Z","timestamp":1133890078000},"page":"1121-1129","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Direct and indirect contact rates among beef, dairy, goat, sheep, and swine herds in three California counties, with reference to control of potential foot-and-mouth disease transmission"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Thomas W.","family":"Bates","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark C.","family":"Thurmond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim E.","family":"Carpenter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"p_1_583","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.145.25.731","volume":"145","author":"Yang PC","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"p_2_584","unstructured":"Wilson TM, Logan-Henfrey L, Weller R, etal Agroterrorism, biological crimes, and biological warfare targeting animal agriculture. In: Brown C, Bolin C, eds. Emerging diseases of animals. Washington, DC: ASM Press, 2000;23-57."},{"key":"p_3_585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/151.1.357","volume":"151","author":"Gordon JC","year":"1986","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"p_4_586","unstructured":"USDA: National Agricultural Statistics Service. 1997 Census of agriculture highlights for California. Available at: http:\/\/www.nass.usda.gov\/census. Accessed Mar 23, 2001."},{"key":"p_5_587","unstructured":"US Geological Survey, Branch of Geographic Names. Geographic Names Information System Sept 1997. Available at: http:\/\/mapping.usgs.gov\/pub\/gnis. Accessed Nov 15, 1999."},{"key":"p_6_588","unstructured":"Ebdon D. Statistics in geography. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1985;128-141."},{"key":"p_7_589","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5877(96)01042-2"},{"key":"p_8_590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1993.35730","volume":"41","author":"Sanson RL","year":"1993","journal-title":"New Zealand. N Z Vet J"},{"key":"p_9_591","unstructured":"National Animal Health Monitoring System. Information sheet: biosecurity practices in U.S. dairy herds. Fort Collins, Colo: USDA, Animal Plant Health Inspection Services, Veterinary Services, 1996."},{"key":"p_10_592","first-page":"201","volume":"24","author":"Abbey H","year":"1952","journal-title":"Human Biol"},{"key":"p_11_593","first-page":"157","author":"Garner M","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nat Symp FMD"},{"key":"p_12_594","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1996.209.08.1464","volume":"209","author":"Rodriguez-Lainz A","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"p_13_595","unstructured":"Martin WS, Meek AH, Willeberg P. Veterinary epidemiology: principles and methods. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 1987;149-175."}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/62\/7\/ajvr.2001.62.1121.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/62\/7\/ajvr.2001.62.1121.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/62\/7\/ajvr.2001.62.1121.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T12:54:30Z","timestamp":1741352070000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/62\/7\/ajvr.2001.62.1121.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,7,1]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.2001.62.1121","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,7,1]]}}}