{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T12:26:42Z","timestamp":1791289602829,"version":"4.3.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To obtain heritability estimates for diseases\nand characteristics in Boxers.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u2014Birth cohort of 2,929 purebred Boxers\nfrom 414 litters.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Heritability estimates were determined\nfor cheiloschisis-palatoschisis, cryptorchidism, epilepsy,\nstifle disorders, cardiac disorders, coat color, birth\nweight, and adult weight, and height. Binary traits were\nanalyzed by use of a mixed-effects probit model. Some\ntraits also were analyzed by use of a model that postulated\nmonogenic inheritance. Full pedigree analyses\nwere performed. Variation in incidences of disease\namong clusters of related dogs was evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Heritability estimates were virtually zero for\ncardiac disorders, medium (0.17 to 0.36) for most\nother traits, and high (&gt; 0.55) for coat color, birth\nweight, and adult height. Litter effects and risk factors\naffected cheiloschisis-palatoschisis, heart murmur,\ncoat color, broadly defined epilepsy, and adult weight.\nLitter effects may be attributable to common environmental\neffects for littermates but also may be attributable\nto dominance variation caused by a recessive\ngene. Heritability estimates increased when stricter\ndefinitions for epilepsy and stifle disorders were\nused. The monogenic model did not reveal higher heritability\nestimates for 6 traits analyzed. Incidences for\nwhite coat differed significantly for 10 familial clusters,\nconfirming high heritability and effects of familial\nlineage.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Results indicate\nthat genetic improvement of most traits should\nbe feasible, except for cardiac disorders. However,\nbecause most traits are influenced by environmental\neffects as well as genetic effects, genetic counseling\nbased on polygenic inheritance and use of familial\ninformation rather than strict exclusion of parents is\npreferred. 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