{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T13:11:49Z","timestamp":1778332309373,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine potency and selectivity of\nnonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) and\ncyclooxygenase- (COX-) specific inhibitors in whole\nblood from horses, dogs, and cats.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Sample Population<\/jats:bold>\u2014Blood samples from 30 healthy\nhorses, 48 healthy dogs, and 9 healthy cats.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Activities of COX-1 and COX-2 were\ndetermined by measuring coagulation-induced thromboxane\nB<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and lipopolysaccharide-induced\nprostaglandin E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> concentrations, respectively, in\nwhole blood with and without the addition of various\nconcentrations of phenylbutazone, flunixin meglumine,\nketoprofen, diclofenac, indomethacin, meloxicam,\ncarprofen, 5-bromo-2[4-fluorophenyl]-3-[4-\nmethylsulfonylphenyl]-thiophene (DuP 697), 5,5-\ndimethyl-3-(3-fluorophenyl)-4-(4-methylsulphonyl)\nphenyl-2(5H)-furan one (DFU), 3-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-\n4-(4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-2-(5H)-furanone (MF-tricyclic),\nand celecoxib. Potency of each test compound\nwas determined by calculating the concentration that\nresulted in inhibition of 50% of COX activity (IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>).\nSelectivity was determined by calculating the ratio of\nIC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> for COX-1 to IC50 for COX-2 (COX-1\/COX-2 ratio).<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014The novel compound DFU was the most\nselective COX-2 inhibitor in equine, canine, and feline\nblood; COX-1\/COX-2 ratios were 77.5, 74, and 69,\nrespectively. Carprofen was the weakest inhibitor of\nCOX-2, compared with the other COX-2 selective\ninhibitors, and did not inhibit COX-2 activity in equine\nblood. In contrast, NSAID such as phenylbutazone\nand flunixin meglumine were more potent inhibitors\nof COX-1 than COX-2 in canine and equine blood.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014The novel\nCOX-2 inhibitor DFU was more potent and selective in\ncanine, equine, and feline blood, compared with\nphenylbutazone, flunixin meglumine, and carprofen.\nCompounds that specifically inhibit COX-2 may result\nin a lower incidence of adverse effects, compared\nwith NSAID, when administered at therapeutic\ndosages to horses, dogs, and cats. (<jats:italic>Am J Vet Res<\/jats:italic>\n2001;62:1755\u20131760)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2001.62.1755","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,6]],"date-time":"2005-12-06T17:28:43Z","timestamp":1133890123000},"page":"1755-1760","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":162,"title":["In vitro effects of cyclooxygenase inhibitors in whole blood of horses, dogs, and cats"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Christine","family":"Brideau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Van Staden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chi Chung","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"p_1_368","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1038\/newbio231232a0","volume":"231","author":"Vane JR","year":"1971","journal-title":"Nat New Biol"},{"key":"p_2_369","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199209103271101","volume":"327","author":"Allison MC","year":"1992","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"p_3_370","first-page":"539","volume":"37","author":"Mathews KA","year":"1996","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"p_4_371","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12866","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)98774-0","volume":"266","author":"Kujubu DA","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"p_5_372","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00666095"},{"key":"p_6_373","first-page":"551","volume":"290","author":"Chan CC","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"p_7_374","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90126-4"},{"key":"p_8_375","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/378406a0"},{"key":"p_9_376","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90125-6"},{"key":"p_10_377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(99)00158-6"},{"key":"p_11_378","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.20.1929"},{"key":"p_12_379","first-page":"2438","volume":"26","author":"Ehrich EW","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"p_13_380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1358\/dot.1999.35.4-5.552201","volume":"35","author":"Pairet M","year":"1999","journal-title":"Drugs Today"},{"key":"p_14_381","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2304","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.5.9.1907252","volume":"5","author":"Funk CD","year":"1991","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"p_15_382","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2994","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.72.8.2994","volume":"72","author":"Hamberg M","year":"1975","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"p_16_383","first-page":"1705","volume":"271","author":"Patrignani P","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"p_17_384","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01782978"},{"key":"p_18_385","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02265118"},{"key":"p_19_386","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/38.8.779"},{"key":"p_20_387","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199651030-00007","volume":"51","author":"Noble S","year":"1996","journal-title":"Meloxicam. 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