{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,8]],"date-time":"2025-03-08T05:23:17Z","timestamp":1741411397332,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine whether free radicals are\nproduced in ischemic and reperfused canine skeletal\nmuscle, whether free radicals can be detected from\neffluent blood by use of spin-trapping electron paramagnetic\nresonance (EPR) spectroscopy, and\nwhether free radical-induced skeletal muscle damage\nis detectable by use of light microscopy.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u20146 healthy mixed-breed dogs.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Dogs were anesthetized and both gracilis\nmuscles were isolated, leaving only the major\nvascular pedicle intact. Ischemia was induced in 1\nflap for 4 hours; the contralateral flap served as the\ncontrol. Ischemic flaps were then reperfused for 15\nminutes. \u03b1-Phenyl-<jats:italic>N-tert<\/jats:italic>-butylnitrone, a spin-trapping\nagent, was administered intravenously to each dog 1\nhour prior to reperfusion. Following reperfusion, effluent\nblood samples from muscle flaps were obtained\nand processed for EPR spectroscopy. Muscle biopsy\nspecimens were obtained for histologic evaluation,\nand dogs were euthanatized.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Spin adducts were not detected in blood\nfrom control flaps. However, spin adducts were\ndetected in all ischemic-reperfused muscle flaps.\nPrincipal signals identified were characteristic of oxygen-\nand carbon-centered radicals. Significantly more\nmuscle damage was detected in ischemic-reperfused\nflaps, compared with control flaps.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Free radicals\nmay be an important component of injury\ninduced by ischemia and reperfusion of canine\nskeletal muscle. Spin-trap adducts of free radicals\ncan be detected in effluent blood of canine muscle\nflaps by use of spin-trapping EPR spectroscopy.\nSpin-trapping EPR spectroscopy may be useful for\nthe study of antioxidants and free radical scavengers\nin attenuating ischemia and reperfusionmediated\nskeletal muscle damage. 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