{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T05:28:34Z","timestamp":1782538114454,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine the effect of a constant-rate\ninfusion of fentanyl on minimum alveolar concentration\n(MAC) of isoflurane and to determine the interaction\nbetween fentanyl and a benzodiazepine agonist\n(diazepam) and antagonist (flumazenil) in isoflurane-anesthetized\ndogs.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u20148 mixed-breed adult dogs.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Dogs were anesthetized with isoflurane\n3 times during a 6-week period. After a 30-minute\nequilibration period, each MAC determination was\nperformed in triplicate, using standard techniques.\nFentanyl was administered as a bolus (10 \u00b5g\/kg of\nbody weight, IV) that was followed by a constant infusion\n(0.3 \u00b5g\/kg per min, IV) throughout the remainder\nof the experiment. After determining isoflurane-fentanyl\nMAC in triplicate, each dog received saline\n(0.9% NaCl) solution, diazepam, or flumazenil. After\n30 minutes, MAC was determined again.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Fentanyl significantly decreased isoflurane\nMAC (corrected to a barometric pressure of 760 mm\nHg) from 1.80 \u00b1 0.21 to 0.85 \u00b1 0.14%, a reduction of\n53%. Isoflurane-fentanyl-diazepam MAC (0.48 \u00b1\n0.29%) was significantly less than isoflurane-fentanylsaline\nMAC (0.79 \u00b1 0.21%). Percentage reduction in\nisoflurane MAC was significantly greater for fentanyldiazepam\n(74%), compared with fentanyl-saline (54%)\nor fentanyl-flumazenil (61%). Mean fentanyl concentrations\nfor the entire experiment were increased over\ntime and were higher in the diazepam group than the\nsaline or flumazenil groups.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusion and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Fentanyl\nmarkedly decreased isoflurane MAC in dogs.\nDiazepam, but not flumazenil, further decreased\nisoflurane-fentanyl MAC. Our results indicate that\ndiazepam enhances, whereas flumazenil does not\naffect, opioid-induced CNS depression and, possibly,\nanalgesia in dogs. 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