{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T17:50:34Z","timestamp":1775152234098,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To evaluate fecal shedding of <jats:italic>Giardia duodenalis,\nCryptosporidium parvum, Salmonella<\/jats:italic> organisms,\nand <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> O157:H7 from llamas in\nCalifornia with respect to host factors and management\npractices.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u2014354 llamas from 33 facilities.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Fecal specimens were collected and\nexamined for <jats:italic>G duodenalis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C parvum<\/jats:italic> by means\nof immunofluorescent microscopy. <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> organisms\nwere cultured by placing feces into selenite\nenrichment broth followed by selective media.\n<jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> O157:H7 was cultured by use of modified\ntryptocase soy broth followed by sorbitol\nMacConkey agar, with suspect colonies confirmed by\nmeans of immunofluorescent microscopy.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u201412 of 354 fecal specimens (3.4%) had <jats:italic>G\nduodenalis<\/jats:italic> cysts. Younger llamas (crias) were more\nlikely to be shedding cysts, compared with older llamas.\nFarm-level factors that increased the risk of\nshedding were large numbers of yearlings on the\nproperty (&gt; 10), smaller pen sizes, large numbers of\ncrias born during the previous year (&gt; 10), and large\npen or pasture populations (&gt; 20). None of the 354\nfecal specimens had <jats:italic>C parvum<\/jats:italic> oocysts. Seventy-six\n(from 7 facilities) and 192 (from 22 facilities) llamas\nwere tested for <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> organisms and <jats:italic>E coli<\/jats:italic>\nO157:H7, respectively. All fecal specimens had negative\nresults for these bacteria.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusion and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Shedding of\n<jats:italic>G duodenalis<\/jats:italic> was primarily limited to crias 1 to 4\nmonths old. Llamas from properties with large numbers\nof crias born in the previous year, resulting in\nlarge numbers of yearlings in the current year, were at\ngreater risk of infection. In addition, housing llamas in\nsmaller pens or pastures and managing llamas and\ncrias in large groups also increased the risk of <jats:italic>G duodenalis<\/jats:italic> shedding.\n(<jats:italic>Am J Vet Res<\/jats:italic> 2001;62:637\u2013642)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2001.62.637","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,6]],"date-time":"2005-12-06T17:23:41Z","timestamp":1133889821000},"page":"637-642","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Fecal shedding of Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium parvum, Salmonella organisms, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 from llamas in California"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Franz C.","family":"Rulofson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward R.","family":"Atwill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles A.","family":"Holmberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"p_1_903","first-page":"5","author":"United States Department of","year":"1998","journal-title":"DC: US Government Printing Office"},{"key":"p_2_904","first-page":"48","volume":"18","author":"Atwill ER","year":"1996","journal-title":"Rangelands"},{"key":"p_3_905","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2798","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.62.8.2798-2805.1996","volume":"62","author":"Ong C","year":"1996","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"p_4_906","unstructured":"Forde KN, Swinker AM, Traub-Dargatz JL, etalThe prevalence of Cryptosporidium\/Giardia in the trail horse population utilizing public lands, in Proceedings. 15th Equine Nutr Physiol Symp 1997;233-237."},{"key":"p_5_907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879700900110","volume":"9","author":"Johnson E","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"p_6_908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.2746\/042516400776563545","volume":"32","author":"Atwill ER","year":"2000","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"p_7_909","first-page":"277","volume":"51","author":"Kiorpes AL","year":"1987","journal-title":"Can J Vet Res"},{"key":"p_8_910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1990.196.02.319","volume":"196","author":"Hovda LR","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"p_9_911","first-page":"100","volume":"399","author":"Frank N","year":"1998","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"p_10_912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1995.206.01.75","volume":"206","author":"Anderson NV","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"p_11_913","first-page":"91","author":"Mehta C","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mass: Cytel Software Corp"},{"key":"p_12_914","unstructured":"Schwabe CW, Reimann HP, and Franti CE. 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