{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T21:38:43Z","timestamp":1792705123826,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine the prevalence of hypomagnesemia\nand hypocalcemia in horses with surgical\ncolic.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201435 horses with surgically managed colic.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Serum concentrations of total magnesium\n(tMg<jats:sup>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/jats:sup>) and calcium (tCa<jats:sup>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/jats:sup>), as well as ionized\nmagnesium (iMg<jats:sup>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/jats:sup>) and calcium (iCa<jats:sup>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/jats:sup>) were analyzed\nbefore surgery and 1, 3, 5, and 7 days following\nsurgery. A lead-II ECG and pertinent clinical data were\nalso obtained at each time.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Preoperative serum tMg<jats:sup>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/jats:sup> and iMg<jats:sup>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/jats:sup> concentrations\nwere below the reference range in 6\n(17%) and 19 (54%) horses, respectively. Serum concentrations\nof tCa<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> and iCa<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> were less than the reference\nrange in 20 (57%) and 30 (86%) horses before\nsurgery. Horses with strangulating lesions of the gastrointestinal\ntract had significantly lower preoperative\nserum concentrations of iMg<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> and iCa<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>, as well as a\nhigher heart rate than horses with nonstrangulating\nlesions. Horses that developed postoperative ileus\nhad significantly lower serum concentrations of iMg<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\nafter surgery. Serum concentrations of magnesium\nand calcium (total and ionized) correlated significantly\nwith the PR, QRS, QT, and corrected QT (QTc) intervals.\nHorses that were euthanatized at the time of\nsurgery (n = 7) had significantly lower preoperative\nserum concentrations of iMg<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>, compared with horses\nthat survived. Neither serum magnesium nor calcium\nconcentrations were predictors of hospitalization\ntime or survival.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Hypomagnesemia\nand hypocalcemia were common during\nthe perioperative period, particularly in horses with\nstrangulating intestinal lesions and ileus. Serum concentrations\nof tMg<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> and tCa<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> were less sensitive\nthan iMg<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> and iCa<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> in detecting horses with hypomagnesemia\nand hypocalcemia. 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