{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T06:16:08Z","timestamp":1791180968220,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014To determine movements of the vertebral\ncolumn of horses during normal locomotion.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u20145 young Dutch Warmblood horses that did\nnot have signs of back problems or lameness.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Kinematics of 8 vertebrae (T6, T10, T13,\nT17, L1, L3, L5, and S3) and both tuber coxae were\ndetermined, using bone-fixated markers. Measurements\nwere recorded when the horses were trotting\non a treadmill at a constant speed of 4.0 m\/s.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Flexion-extension and axial rotation were\ncharacterized by a double sinusoidal pattern of motion\nduring 1 stride cycle, whereas lateral bending was\ncharacterized by 1 peak and 1 trough. Ranges of\nmotion for all vertebrae were: flexion-extension, 2.8o\nto 4.9o; lateral bending, 1.9\u00b0 to 3.6\u00b0; axial rotation, 4.6\u00b0\nto 5.8\u00b0, except for T10 and T13, where the amount of\naxial rotation decreased to 3.1\u00b0 and 3.3\u00b0, respectively.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014During locomotion,\n3 types of rotations are evident in the thoracolumbar\nvertebrae. Regional differences are\nobserved in the shape and timing of the rotations.\nThese differences are related to actions of the limbs.\nThe method described here for direct measurement\nof vertebral column motion provides insights into the\ncomplex movements of the thoracolumbar portion of\nthe vertebral column in trotting horses. Information\non normal kinematics is a prerequisite for a better\nunderstanding of abnormal function of the vertebral\ncolumn in horses. 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