{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T23:45:28Z","timestamp":1790207128292,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To compare the mechanisms of heartworm\n(HW) extract-induced shock and endotoxininduced\nshock in dogs by determination of serum\ntumor necrosis factor (TNF) concentrations.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201411 mixed-breed dogs (7 without and 4 with\nHW infections).<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Eight dogs were treated with 2 ml of\nHW extract IV, and 3 dogs were given endotoxin\n(<jats:italic>Escherichia colili<\/jats:italic> popolysaccharide [LPS]) at 40 or 400\n\u03bcg\/kg of body weight, IV. Changes in clinical and\nhematologic findings and serum TNF concentrations\nwere examined from before treatment to 120 minutes\nafter treatment in dogs given HW extract or from\nbefore treatment to 180 minutes after treatment in\ndogs given LPS. Tumor necrosis factor concentration\nwas determined by cytotoxic assay, using WEHI-164\nmurine sarcoma cells, and plasma endotoxin concentration\nwas determined in 2 dogs treated with HW\nextract, using the endotoxin-specific chromogenic\ntest.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Eight dogs developed shock 3 to 16 minutes\nafter HW extract treatment. Rectal temperature\ndid not change during examination. Serum TNF concentration\nwas detected at a low concentration only\n60 and 120 minutes after HW extract treatment, and\nplasma endotoxin was not detected during examination.\nIn dogs treated with LPS, rectal temperature\nincreased to &gt; 40 C in 2 of 3 dogs, and serum TNF\nconcentration began to increase 30 minutes after LPS\ntreatment, reaching a maximum concentration by 60\nminutes.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions<\/jats:bold>\u2014The cause and mechanism of HW\nextract-induced shock may be different from those of\nendotoxin-induced shock, because TNF, which was a\npivotal mediator in endotoxin-induced shock,\nincreased minimally in serum of dogs treated with\nHW extract. 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