{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,8]],"date-time":"2025-03-08T05:23:17Z","timestamp":1741411397000,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine whether heartworm (HW)\nextract-induced shock in dogs is consistent with anaphylactic\nshock by examining the role of histamine.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u20146 mixed-breed dogs (3 without and 3 with\nHW infections) and 4 specific pathogen-free (SPF)\nBeagles.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Four experiments were performed as\nfollows: 1) 6 mixed-breed dogs were treated IV with 2\nml of HW extract, and plasma histamine concentrations\nwere determined; 2) 4 SPF dogs were treated IV\nwith 2 ml of HW extract and examined for shock; 3)\nsera from 6 dogs of experiment 1 and from 4 SPF\ndogs of experiment 2 that were obtained before HW\nextract treatment were tested for heterologous passive\ncutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA), using rabbits during\na sensitization period of 48 to 72 hours; and 4)\nmast cell degranulation by HW extract was tested,\nusing rat mesentery and canine cultured mast cells.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Experiment 1: 6 dogs developed shock, and\nplasma histamine concentrations increased significantly\nfrom 0.3 \u00b1 0.2 (mean \u00b1 SD) ng\/ml before HW\nextract treatment to 44.6 \u00b1 68.9 ng\/ml at the onset of\nshock; experiment 2: all SPF dogs developed shock\nand had an increase in plasma histamine concentrations;\nexperiment 3: sera from mixed-breed dogs\nwithout HW infection and from SPF dogs had negative\nPCA reactions; experiment 4: HW extract degranulated\nrat mesentery mast cells and released histamine\ndirectly from canine mast cells.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Results of our\nstudy indicate that an unknown mast cell-degranulating\nsubstances contained in HW extract may degranulate\nmast cells directly, consequently releasing histamine\nthat may participate in the onset of shock in\nHW extract-induced shock in dogs. 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