{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T22:27:00Z","timestamp":1778279220932,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To characterize the effects of medetomidine-\nmidazolam, midazolam-butorphanol, or acepromazine-\nbutorphanol as premedicants for mask induction\nof anesthesia with sevoflurane in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201410 healthy Beagles.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014The following premedicants were administered\nintramuscularly: medetomidine-midazolam\n(20 \u00b5g\/kg and 0.3 mg\/kg, respectively), midazolambutorphanol\n(0.1 and 0.2 mg\/kg, respectively), and\nacepromazine-butorphanol (0.05 and 0.2 mg\/kg,\nrespectively). Saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (0.1 ml\/kg)\nwas administered intramuscularly as a control.\nAnesthesia was induced in each dog with sevoflurane\nin a 100% O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> at a flow rate of 4 L\/min developed by a\nfacemask. Vaporizer settings were increased by 0.8%\nat 15-second intervals until the value corresponding to\n4.8% sevoflurane was achieved. Time to onset and\ncessation of involuntary movements, loss of the\npalpebral reflex, negative response to tail-clamp stimulation,\nand endotracheal intubation were recorded,\nand the cardiopulmonary variables were measured.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Mask induction with sevoflurane in dogs\nthat received each premedicant resulted in a shorter\ninduction time and milder changes in heart rate, mean\narterial blood pressure, cardiac output, and respiratory\nrate, compared with mask induction without premedicants.\nTreatment with medetomidine-midazolam\nresulted in a shorter and smoother induction, compared\nwith acepromazine-butorphanol or midazolambutorphanol\ntreatment, whereas the cardiovascular\nchanges were greater. Cardiopulmonary variables of\ndogs during induction following treatment with acepromazine-\nbutorphanol or midazolam-butorphanol\nwere maintained close to the anesthetic maintenance\nvalues for sevoflurane, with the exception of mild\nhypotension that was observed in dogs following\nacepromazine-butorphanol treatment.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusion and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014In dogs use of\npremedicants provides a smoother and better quality\nmask induction with sevoflurane. 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